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View Article  Arts Groups Pessimistic Over Prospects for Culture Downtown
Published: October 31, 2005

For downtown arts groups struggling with the void left by the 9/11 attacks, a 2002 "blueprint for renewal" seemed full of promise. Drafted by the agency in charge of rebuilding in Lower Manhattan, it pledged to develop "a critical mass of dynamic, enticing and diverse cultural venues" there.

The agency, the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation, also promised to help cultural institutions in the area - and those that might be thinking of relocating downtown - to find the sites and the money they would need to expand or move.

Three years later, the development corporation has accomplished practically none of the above. The number of cultural groups, including libraries, below Canal Street now, according to the Lower Manhattan Cultural Council, a nonprofit advocacy organization, has plummeted to 112, from 200 before 9/11. The $45 million that the development corporation set aside last May for cultural groups that are not part of the master plan at ground zero has yet to be distributed.

Tom Healy, the president of the Lower Manhattan Cultural Council, expressed frustration over the delay. "Nothing has happened," he said. "There is no plan. There is no group that's been chosen to help them give that out yet. And it would make a huge difference now, that kind of money."

Given the gradual evaporation of planned cultural organizations at the ground zero site itself, many downtown arts groups are pessimistic.

The Freedom Center was dropped from the site last month by Gov. George E. Pataki in response to objections from the families of some 9/11 victims who wanted a strictly patriotic memorial focus; the Drawing Center, which had sought to relocate from SoHo, was forced out for similar reasons. Both had been chosen in June 2004 to share a museum building designed by the Norwegian firm Snohetta.

"We're all pretty upset about it," said Holly Block, the executive director of Art in General, an alternative art space on Walker Street. "It's very problematic that it's been politicized."

Contributing to the bleak picture, a performing arts center that was to be designed for the ground zero site by Frank Gehry and shared by the Joyce Theater, which presents dance, and the Signature Theater, an Off Broadway company, is on the back burner. And Anita Contini, the point person for culture on the development corporation, resigned from that post in July and is unlikely to be replaced.

While many arts groups have stuck it out downtown and several are trying to upgrade their operations, all say they could use more help. Three-Legged Dog, a media and theater group, has been struggling since Tower 7 fell on its headquarters at 30 West Broadway. The company cut its staff from 27 to 2, suspended salaries for nine months and stopped production for a year and a half.

The group decided that the route to survival was building a new home. It has managed to raise $3 million toward a $4.6 million arts complex, now under construction at 80 Greenwich Street. But there is still $1.6 million to go.

Three-Legged Dog said it had asked the development corporation for help but never heard back. "We've had a request to them for about three years now," said Kevin Cunningham, the company's executive artistic director.

Members of Dance New Amsterdam, a nonprofit dance service organization, say they asked the development corporation for $1 million two years ago but also never received any response. "I think everyone is so discouraged about L.M.D.C.," said Charles D. Wright, the group's executive director. Still, the dance group managed to raise $4.5 million over the last few years for a new 25,000-square-foot space, now under construction at 280 Broadway in the Sun building. Such arts groups have managed to endure mostly through contributions from various foundations, individuals and local downtown groups, like the cultural council, which was given $5 million from the Sept. 11 Fund to distribute in the first three years after 9/11. "With the cultural plan stalled at ground zero, it's all the more important that the rest of what goes on culturally gets supported," Mr. Healy said.

The development corporation has been noticeably absent from this effort, arts groups say. "They've said all along that they are going to be helping people in the neighborhood," said Mr. Cunningham of 3-Legged Dog.

View Article  A Funeral Home Investigation Considers the Macabre
Published: October 31, 2005

Investigators are pursuing a criminal inquiry involving macabre dealings in mortuaries and unseemly sales of flesh and bone.

Investors in a Brooklyn funeral home have told the police that they suspect an embalmer improperly removed body parts. The embalmer had connections to a dentist whose business, Biomedical Tissue Services of Fort Lee, N.J., sold human tissue to processing companies, a legitimate but poorly understood niche of medical science. The police quietly pursued the investigation for more than a year until it was disclosed in newspapers this month.

Now investigators are following an abundance of leads from people identifying themselves as relatives of victims, a law enforcement official said, adding that no charges had been filed and no grand jury convened. The federal Food and Drug Administration has warned the public that Biomedical Tissue Services may have obtained tissue without getting proper consent from donors or screening the tissue for disease, and that some of that tissue may have been implanted in patients. Law enforcement officials spoke on condition of anonymity because there have been no charges and the investigation is unfinished.

The notion of a clandestine human chop shop has attracted some of the familiar characters of New York scandal. Sanford Rubenstein, the lawyer best known for representing the Rev. Al Sharpton and Abner Louima, went before five television cameras to announce a civil lawsuit on behalf of a man who said that tissue had been taken from his father's body. Mr. Rubenstein said that he was also taking calls from other people who were making similar claims.

The case's origins trace to a complicated disagreement over the sale of a funeral home in Brooklyn.

A couple operating the funeral home approached the police and prosecutors more than a year ago with accusations of fraud, an investigator and the law enforcement official said. An offhand remark developed into an accusation that the embalmer was returning bodies with parts missing, and the embalmer's business connections to the dentist led to questions about the possibility of sales of improperly obtained tissue.

Since the investigation was disclosed in The Daily News on Oct. 7, its twists and turns have given tabloid editors occasion to design headlines with the words "ghouls," "ghoulish" and "harvest" and the phrase "Body-Snatch Probe Widens."

Tales of stolen body parts are timelessly resonant, tied to the sanctity of dying and fear of the unknown. The 1978 movie "Coma," directed by Michael Crichton, told a fictional story of doctors stealing organs from patients. For years, the State Department has sought to dispel rumors of an international trade in baby organs, distributing materials that quote the French folklorist Veronique Campion-Vincent: "The baby-parts story is a new - updated and technologized - version of an immemorial fable."

Two central themes of the New York story have drawn scrutiny in recent years. In 2002, oversight of the funeral industry was much discussed after the discovery of 280 bodies dumped in the woods near a Georgia crematory. And last year, the underground market for body parts was underscored by a scandal at the University of California, Los Angeles, where an employee was accused of conspiring to sell body parts.

Experts say the nature of these fears is evolving as advances in technology make more parts of the body useful and consequently valuable. An area of medical science once mostly limited to whole vital organs like hearts, livers and kidneys has expanded to include muscle, bone, tendon and skin used in therapies and research.

And an aging population with the resources to pay for health care options has increased demand, said Doug Wilson, vice president of LifeNet, a nonprofit organ donation and tissue banking system in Virginia Beach, Va.

"This story has been written with different players - the names are now changed - over the last 10 years," Mr. Wilson said. "There's more use of tissue today because orthopedic and neurosurgery are increasing because baby boomers are getting older. They want to remain active and golf and play tennis and jog five miles and keep their cholesterol levels down."

As the industry has grown, the possibility of infection from diseased tissue has become a concern. A galvanizing case was the death in 2001 of Brian Lykins, 23, who received tainted tissue during knee surgery in Minnesota. In May, the Food and Drug Administration enacted safety standards for tissue processors, governing labeling, packaging and distribution.

That agency is one of several investigating the New York case. Law enforcement officials and representatives of people involved in the inquiry say the case can be traced to the sale of the Daniel George & Son Funeral Home in Bensonhurst. Records in Kings County Supreme Court show that Daniel George Jr. signed an agreement in March 2002 to sell the home to Joseph Nicelli of Staten Island.

View Article  The Selling of Al Jazeera TV to an International Market
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View Article  Good Smell Vanishes, But It Leaves Air of Mystery
Published: October 29, 2005

The night air all over Manhattan was brisk, with a hint of winter and a dash of something sweetly out of the ordinary. Some thought it smelled like maple syrup. Some said caramel, or a freshly baked pie, or Bit-O-Honey candy bars.

From downtown Manhattan to the Upper East Side, Prospect Heights in Brooklyn and parts of Staten Island, the question was the same on Thursday night and into early yesterday: What was that smell?

The aroma not only revived memories of childhood, but in a city scared by terrorism, it raised vague worries about an attack deviously cloaked in the smell of grandma's kitchen.

It was so seductive that many New Yorkers found themselves behaving strangely, succumbing to urges usually kept under wraps. One woman who never touches the stuff said she was inspired to eat ice cream.

Late yesterday, nearly 24 hours after the smell had spread through the city, sparking hundreds of bewildered calls to the city's 311 emergency hot line, officials said that they had determined that the smell had not been hazardous and that it had dissipated as quickly, and mysteriously, as it had appeared.

Even after chasing down anonymous tips and chasing up several blind alleys, however, they did not know where it had come from.

The odor was first detected around 8 p.m. on Thursday in Lower Manhattan. It seemed to spread quickly uptown and into parts of the other boroughs - so quickly that officials expressed concern. The city's Office of Emergency Management sent out feelers to the Police and Fire Departments, state emergency response agencies in New York and New Jersey, and the United States Coast Guard, which communicated with tugboats and container ships at sea to determine whether the odor was being detected there.

Raymond W. Kelly, the New York City police commissioner, coolly told reporters yesterday that tests and air monitoring had revealed "nothing of a hazardous nature."

"It's believed to be some sort of food substance, but we can't substantiate that at this time," Mr. Kelly said. He confirmed that the source of the smell seemed to be in Lower Manhattan.

The chase led the city's environmental bloodhounds to some interesting places. Investigators working on a tip checked the Jacques Torres Chocolate Haven in SoHo, but the owner insisted he had not been the culprit. His staff had spent the afternoon roasting almonds, he said. And anyway, chocolate, for those who really know, smells bitter, not sweet.

"Perhaps if it was a chocolate smell, people would be running here today," Mr. Torres said from his shop, which he said was no busier than normal for a Friday in autumn. His chef, Susana Garcia, 31, who was on duty Thursday, said the mysterious odor was definitely more like maple syrup than like chocolate. It was, Mr. Torres said, a kind of warm-your-heart holiday smell appropriate for this time of year.

If there was anyone in New York who could recognize the aroma of maple syrup, it would be a Canadian like Jeff Breithaupt, 42, cultural affairs officer at the Canadian Consulate in New York. He said he was out running on the Upper East Side last night when the smell came to him. Right away, he thought it was caramel candy.

A labor organizer, Rekha Eanni, said she could not characterize the exact smell, but after getting out of a night class at New York University she was overcome with a craving for pumpkin pie. When she got home there was no pie, so she did something she never does.

"I made myself a pretty big bowl of vanilla ice cream with honey and cornflakes," she said.

Experts say that no human sense is more directly connected to the emotions than the sense of smell. "Before we know we are even in contact with a smell we have already received it and reacted to it," a professional perfumer, Mandy Aftel, said. "Smells come in without language and go directly to the emotional center of the brain. That's why they are so connected to memory."

As soon as he smelled the mystery smell, Greg Nickson, 45, a freelance cameraman, was transported, like Marcel Proust, to things past, things like the chocolate factory that flooded his childhood neighborhood in Chicago with sweet aromas.

When he poked his head out of his 10th-floor apartment window to look for his wife, Mr. Nickson got a good whiff of it, and it puzzled him.

"I thought," he said. " 'How could the smell be so pervasive?' "

With the cold nighttime air trapped under a lid of warm air over the city, and only a 3-mile-an-hour wind, any odor would have been kept low to the ground, where it could have slipped between buildings to work its way uptown and to the other boroughs, said Patrick Kinney, an associate professor of environmental science at Columbia University.

When Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg was asked at City Hall about the smell, he repeated that tests showed it was not dangerous.

With the mayor enjoying a sizable lead in polls about the upcoming election, someone asked whether it struck him as, perhaps, the sweet smell of success.

He gave an enigmatic answer. "Nature," the mayor said, "should be allowed to take care of its own."

Kareem Fahim and Colin Moynihan contributed reporting for this article.

View Article  China Luring Foreign Scholars to Make Its Universities Great
By HOWARD W. FRENCH Published: October 28, 2005   more »
View Article  Investigation of Towers' Fall Is Criticized
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View Article  Presidente iraní desata la furia
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
El presidente iraní hizo los comentarios en la conferencia "El mundo sin sionismo".
La milicias paramilitares femeninas iraníes frente a una imagen contra Israel.
3.000 estudiantes atendieron la conferencia contra Israel.

El presidente de Irán, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, declaró que Israel debía ser borrado del mapa. Sus palabras están siendo duramente condenadas tanto en Europa como en Estados Unidos. Todos los miembros del grupo de países europeos que han estado negociando con Teherán por su controvertido programa nuclear -el Reino Unido, Francia y Alemania- han criticado con vehemencia sus comentarios.

París dijo que citaría al embajador iraní en su país para que explicara los comentarios de su mandatario. El canciller español, Miguel Angel Moratinos, convocó también al diplomático que representa a Irán en Madrid para que hiciera lo mismo. Canadá anunció más tarde que tomaría una medida similar.

Alemania dijo que, de ser ciertas, las palabras del mandatario iraní eran completamente inaceptables.

Por su parte, el presidente de la Comisión Europea, José Manuel Barroso, condenó las declaraciones del líder iraní diciendo que son totalmente inaceptables.

En conversación con la BBC, el portavoz del ministerio de Exteriores israelí, Mark Sergev, dijo que "cualquiera que quiera ver a israelíes y palestinos viviendo en paz (...) tiene que ver estos elementos de extremismo islámico: tanto si es por parte del líder iraní, como si es por parte de grupos en Siria, de Hizbola en Líbano, de Hamas y la Jihad islámica en los territorios palestinos, todos son parte del problema".

Entre tanto, un vocero del presidente de Estados Unidos, George W. Bush, dijo que los comentarios de Ahmadinejad claramente intensifican las inquietudes respecto al programa nuclear iraní, que la Casa Blanca sospecha está siendo usado para desarrollar armas.

El Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores del Reino Unido se había pronunciado con palabras similares a las de Washington, añadiendo que lo dicho por el presidente iraní era "repugnante y profundamente molesto". El jueves planea expresarle su desagrado claramente a la embajada iraní.

Ahmadinejad hizo sus comentarios durante una conferencia en Teherán que lleva el nombre de "El mundo sin el sionismo", en la que participaron unos 3.000 estudiantes conservadores.

De vuelta al pasado

Como señala la corresponsal de la BBC Pam O'Toole, los comentarios de Ahmadinejad sobre Israel parecen un eco de la retórica de línea dura de los albores de la Revolución Islámica.

Los gobiernos de Occidente parecen perturbados por lo que aparentan ser amenazas contra otro país.

Por su parte, a algunos de los países musulmanes que han estado avanzando de a poco hacia el establecimiento de lazos con Israel les podría preocupar la posibilidad de que quienes reconozcan al llamado "régimen sionista" tendrán que enfrentar la ira de la comunidad islámica.

El actual presidente de Irán, cuya formación es de línea dura, se ha mostrado intransigente respecto a una serie de asuntos relacionados con la política exterior desde que asumió el poder en junio.

En la Organización de las Naciones Unidas, su discurso fue desafiante cuando tocó el tema nuclear y se rehusó a retractar su decisión de reiniciar la conversión de uranio.

Las negociaciones con la Unión Europea para resolver el problema están estancadas.

Las relaciones con el Reino Unido también se han deteriorado pues Londres y Teherán se acusan mutuamente de interferir en detrimento del otro.

En casa

Dentro de su país, la acogida a las políticas de Ahmadinejad son mixtas.

Se cuestiona la relativa falta de experiencia de varios de sus ministros.

Los diarios de línea dura generalmente respaldan sus decisiones pero los periodistas que apoyan una reforma dudan que sea sabio continuar con el programa nuclear si ello pone a Irán en rumbo de colisión con el mundo.

Entre tanto, hay señales de que los principales seguidores de Ahmadinejad -los conservadores de bajos recursos- están empezando a preguntar cuándo va a empezar a cumplir con la promesa de mejorar las condiciones en las que viven.

View Article  argan oil from morocco
Treasures from Morocco - Argan Oil

ARGAN OIL from Morocco's Tree of Iron
Argan oil only has a short culinary history in this country, but it has a long, significant, and tasty lineage in its home country, Morocco. The argane tree, argania spinosa covers an area of 820,000 hectares in southwestern Morocco. Believed to be more than 80 million years old, the tree is valuable for its wood, leaves, and nuts. Its popular names include, " the tree of iron, " and " the olive tree of Morocco. " Today, the wood is preferred for construction, and the leaves serve as feed for goats and camels. The fruit of the argane tree is a berry formed by a fleshy outer coating and a hard core that contains the seeds/nuts resembling almonds. The exterior pulp that is removed in processing the seeds is given to animals as feed. The broken shell is also used as fuel. Most importantly, the seeds are pressed to produce an oil that has culinary, cosmetic and medicinal properties. (The cake that remains after pressing is also used as feed for animals.) The tree has been known for ages and used by man since the ancient Phoenicians used the oil they produced in their trading posts along the Atlantic coast. In 1219, Ibn Al Baythar, a well-known Egyptian doctor, described the tree and the process for extracting the oil in his Treatise of Simplicities (translated by Leclerc in 1877). " A tree of decent height, thorny, giving a fruit the size of an almond which contains a nut which one triturates and extracts oil which is used in food preparation "

The trees have an amazing ability to adapt to the harsh climate of southwestern Morocco. When they start to feel the effects of a drought, they shed all their leaves and seem dead. When they feel moisture in the air, they start to bloom and leaves start to appear again. They can remain without leaves for several years. Their root system can search for water 30 meters below the earth's surface. Their leaves are adept at absorbing any available moisture present in the air. Argane trees act as an excellent barrier against the desert. Under and around the trees, flora and fauna thrive and in turn create an eco-diversity crucial to this region. Today, the Argan Region is around 820,000 hectares, or 70% of the wooded surface in southwestern Morocco. One hectare of argan trees can produce 800 kilos of ripe fruit, which will later yield 40 kilos of nuts. This 40 kilos of nuts produces 18 liters of argan oil. (This translates to just under 100 pounds of fruit needed to produce 1 liter of oil.) The seeds are usually joined and their number varies between one and three per berry. The tree bears fruit according to its age, the density of the tree population, the environment, and the amount of rainfall.

The ripe fruit is spread out to dry in the sun and then de-pulped manually. Then the core is broken with two stones in order to retrieve the seeds, which are then roasted and then ground. Water is added to the paste that is created from grinding the seeds, and the oil is then extracted by kneading this paste. It takes about 8 hours to produce one liter of argan oil by hand, and it is prepared in all the homes of this region, exclusively by women, as it has been for centuries. However, the tried and true methods are inefficient at best, and much of the oil and flavor is lost in the process. Several years ago, homegrown and foreign entrepreneurs began to develop new, more efficient processes. One of the pioneers in the production of Argan Oil, ABSIM Sarl was at the forefront of this development. Inspired by the traditional method of production, they designed and developed new equipment and adapted others to the specific needs of Argan oil. The result is a cold-pressed oil second to none in flavor and quality, enjoyed in the domestic market, and by discriminating palates all over the world. Argan Oil is a longtime favorite of Moroccans and will be loved by those who discover it, a miracle among organic products. Harvesting the nuts for our production enables 800 Berber families to enjoy a regular income. ABSIM Sarl is a founding member of " The Argane Foundation, " which has as its objectives the planting of argane trees (a tree that is disappearing at a rapid pace), the implementation of agro-forestry concepts for the benefit of local populations, creating an alternative to rural exodus, and combating desertification in the region where the argane tree grows.

Argan oil is rich in essential fatty acids such as oleic and linoleic acid. It contains close to 80% unsaturated fatty acids, which aid in digesting food. Argan oil is believed to have strong anti-oxidative properties, especially those that affect the skin. Argan oil is often used to combat the physiological aging and drying of skin; to neutralize free radicals and conjunctive tissue; to promote softer and stronger hair; and to strengthen breaking and unhealthy nails. ABSIM Sarl has teamed with Mustapha Haddouch - the founder of Mustapha's Fine Foods of Morocco - to bring this incomparable oil to the U.S.A.

Argan oil is a deep golden oil, often with a reddish tinge. It is lighter in weight than nut oils and olive oils, having a weight and body similar to seed oils like sesame or pumpkin. This however, is where the similarity ends. The aroma will jump out at you as soon as you open the bottle, and its flavor is as big and bold as the aroma. Some have compared it to a toasty nut oil, but here at ChefShop.com we think feel differently. It opens with a hint of nuttiness, and this aggressively expands to toastiness and spice - something akin to pumpkin seeds but more pungent. It provides an oh-so-light, buttery mouth feel, before moving on to the sharp finish. It is truly a memorable flavor. In Morocco it is used both as a cooking oil and as a flavoring/finishing ingredient. In salads it is most often combined with lemon juice, while for tagines (stews) and couscous it is a finishing drizzle. It is also combined with honey and yogurt and eaten for breakfast. However, in this day and age, local specialties as good as argan oil - a longtime Berber tradition – cannot be kept secret from the world's curious chefs. Today, it can be found on the menus of some of the best restaurants in the world, in France, in England, in the USA and elsewhere. Four Star chefs use it to finish soups, to create vinaigrettes for simple and composed salads, to flavor cooked grains and stews, and to finish grilled meats, fish, and vegetables. We suggest much of the same. For salads create vinaigrettes using lighter acids like lemon juice, verjus, champagne vinegar, cider vinegar, Banyuls vinegar or any combination of these. You can also blend the argan with grape seed oil or a light olive oil to create a softer flavor. An argan oil vinaigrette works well with salads composed of strongly flavored ingredients like blue or goat cheeses, grill meats and poultry, and even nuts and fruit like in Jean Galton's Chicken Salad with Almonds, Mango and Argan Oil. We also recommend it to finish bean and vegetable soups, such as a puréed white bean soup, squash soup or potato and leek soup. It goes especially well with the flavor of lentils as in the traditional Lentils with Tomato and Argan Oil. Don't forget to experiment with it on some grill halibut or sea bass. Or, why not just toast some almonds for a late night snack.

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View Article  Engineers Report Breakthrough in Laser Beam Technology
Published: October 26, 2005

SAN FRANCISCO, Oct. 26 - A team of Stanford electrical engineers has discovered how to modulate, or switch on and off, a beam of laser light up to a 100 billion times a second with materials that are widely used in the semiconductor industry.

The group used a standard chip-making process to design a key component of optical networking gear potentially more than 10 times faster than the highest-performance commercial products available today.

The team reported its discovery in the current issue of Nature, which was published on Wednesday. Such an advance could have broad applications both in accelerating the already declining cost of optical networking and in potentially transforming computers in the future by making it possible to interconnect computer chips at extremely high data rates.

Currently, the communications industry uses costly equipment to transmit data over optical fibers at up to 10 billion bits per second. However, researchers are already experimenting with optically linked computers in which components may be located on different sides of the globe. Cheap optical switches will also make it possible to create data superhighways inside computers, making it possible to reorganize them for better performance.

"The vision here is that, with the much stronger physics, we can imagine large numbers - hundreds or even thousands - of optical connections off of chips," said David A.B. Miller, director of the Solid State and Photonics Laboratory at Stanford University. "Those large numbers could get rid of the bottlenecks of wiring, bottlenecks that are quite evident today and are one of the reasons the clock speeds on your desktop computer have not really been going up much in recent years."

The modulator, or solid-state shutter, reported by the team, could also have a dramatic effect on the telecommunications industry, which is already being transformed by the falling cost of optical fiber networks.

The device, which is constructed from silicon and germanium, would alternately block and transmit light from a separate continuous wave laser beam, making it possible to split the beam into a stream of ones and zeros.

The effect, known as a Quantum-Confined Stark Effect, or QCSE, has been previously demonstrated, but was not expected in the germanium, a material that is compatible with the industry's silicon-based manufacturing technologies.

The Stark Effect allows materials to act as shutters for particular wavelengths of light as an electrical field is switched on and off. In the past, however, the effect has been achieved in optoelectronic applications by using exotic materials like gallium Aarsenide, which are not easily compatible with standard chip-making techniques.

"What we achieved is somewhat surprising," said James S. Harris, a Stanford University electrical engineering professor, who is a member of the research group. "No one thought it would work."

The research project was supported both by the Intel Corporation and by the Pentagon's Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. Intel has been intensely interested in the possibility of designing optical communications components with standard chip-making tools, both for networking and computer communications applications. Theodore I. Kamins, a quantum materials specialist at Hewlett-Packard Laboratories, also contributed to the research effort.

"They've made a big leap," said Mario Paniccia, director of Intel's Photonics Technology Laboratory. That research group has made a number of announcements about progress in development of similar components that could lead to low-cost optical network systems in the future.

He acknowledged, however, that there is a significant gap between research results and commercial availability of devices based on scientific breakthroughs.

Other designers working in the field were also cautious about direct applications of the technology. Alex Dickenson, chief executive of Luxtera, a Carlsbad, Calif. start-up firm that announced a 10-billion bit per second optical modulator using a different silicon-based approach earlier this year, said that he believed there would significant hurdles to the commercialization of the Stanford discovery.

He cautioned that while the display was interesting from an academic perspective, the researchers had yet to prove that the effect works at the standard frequencies of light used by the telecommunications industry.

Several industry executives said the advance was significant because it meant that optical data networks were now on the same Moore's Law curve of increasing performance and falling cost that has driven the computer industry for the past four decades. In 1965, the Intel co-founder Gordon Moore noted that the number of transistors that could be placed on a silicon chip was doubling at regular intervals. The semiconductor industry has held to that rate of change since then, giving rise to the modern era of microelectronics that has transformed the global economy.

Now that rate of change could be directing the future of the telecommunications industry. Computer and communications industry executives believe that advancements in inexpensive optical networks will transform the computer industry and other major industries ranging from the financial marketplace to Hollywood.

View Article  Google Found to Be Testing Classified Ads
Published: October 26, 2005

SAN FRANCISCO, Oct. 25 - An online classified service being tested by Google set off intense speculation on Tuesday after a Web site for the service was accidentally made public and discovered by a computer programmer on Monday.

The service, which was named Google Base and was for a time accessible at base.google.com, described itself as "Google's database into which you can add all types of content."

"We'll host your content and make it searchable online for free."

The new service could automatically funnel listings on all kinds of subjects and display them as part of the company's sponsored ad links on the right side of pages displaying search results from Google queries.

Word of the new service, which would potentially compete with newspapers as well as with online classified services like those on eBay and Craigslist, drove eBay's stock down about 5 percent at points during the day.

The Google Base page was discovered on Monday by Tony Ruscoe, a British programmer, who said he had created an automatic program to search for subdomains accessible at the Google.com Web site. The company, based in Mountain View, Calif., took down the test site and replaced the page with a "403" forbidden-access response.

Google released a statement on Tuesday suggesting that the purpose of the test site was to make it simpler for Google customers to post content on Google.

"We are testing new ways for content owners to easily send their content to Google," the company said in a statement. "Like our Web crawl and the recently released Google Sitemaps program, we are working to provide content owners an easy way to give us access to their content. We're continually exploring new opportunities to expand our offerings, but we don't have anything to announce at this time."

Google executives, who are having a conference for partners and advertisers, called Google Zeitgeist, would not comment.

EBay, the online auction company, based in San Jose, Calif., is currently a major Google advertiser. The potential for direct competition between the Silicon Valley giants has been a subject of speculation for several years.

View Article  The Catch
By PAUL GREENBERG Published: October 23, 2005   more »
View Article  Osama bin Laden on European Security and the 'Liar in the White House'
Osama bin Laden on European Security and the 'Liar in the White House'   more »
View Article  The Arts Administration
By JENNIFER STEINHAUER Published: October 23, 2005   more »
View Article  Slippery Devil, That Real Estate 'Bubble'
By MOTOKO RICH and DAVID LEONHARDT Published: October 23, 2005   more »
View Article  What's He Really Worth?
By TIMOTHY L. O'BRIEN Published: October 23, 2005   more »
View Article  Lawyer's Slaying Raises Questions on Hussein Trial
By JOHN F. BURNS Published: October 22, 2005   more »
View Article  Parents Fret That Dialing Up Interferes With Growing Up
By MIREYA NAVARRO Published: October 23, 2005   more »
View Article  Scientists Build Tiny Vehicles for Molecular Passengers
By BARNABY J. FEDER Published: October 21, 2005   more »
View Article  Taking a Cue From Ferrer, Mayor Issues Housing Plan
By THOMAS J. LUECK Published: October 20, 2005   more »
View Article  Institute Once Led by Ferrer Forms Base of His Support
By MIKE McINTIRE Published: October 20, 2005   more »
View Article  Israel Considers Banning Palestinians on West Bank's Main Roads
By GREG MYRE Published: October 20, 2005   more »
View Article  this is Bull!
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
MARCH 14, 2001
Contact:  Courtney Crouch
(202) 225-3772
 
HISPANIC POPULATION GROWTH SURPASSES ALL PROJECTIONS
Hispanic population rises 344 percent in Arkansas since 1990
 
(Washington, D.C.) This week, the Census Bureau released figures showing that Hispanics in the United States are on the brink of becoming the nation’s largest minority, which was previously projected for 2005.  The surprise rate of growth is due largely to an increase in immigration and a significant undercount in the 1990 Census.  For years, many have argued that Hispanics already are the largest minority population because official figures did not include the over 3.8 million citizens on the island of Puerto Rico.

The population shift in America is already creating massive political, economic, and social shifts in this country.  Hispanics are now 7% of the electorate, up from less than 4% just eight years ago.  The Hispanic buying power in the United States is over $400 billion and is expected to top $1 trillion in ten years.  Hispanic food, music, and entertainment have become part of American culture.

“For many years, the Hispanic community has played an increasingly important role in America,” U.S. Representative Mike Ross (AR-4) said.  “These new census numbers show that the face of Arkansas and our country is changing.  As we begin this new century, we must be able to accept and draw strength from our increased diversity.”
  
· Population:  In 2000, there were 35.3 million Hispanics in the United States, representing approximately 12.5% of the nation's population, a nearly 60% increase from 1990.  The Hispanic population continues to be concentrated in the Southwest and Northeast.  However, between 1990 and 2000, there was significant Hispanic population growth in states not traditionally associated with Hispanic communities, such as Arkansas, Iowa, and Mississippi.  For the fifteen states with 2000 Census population data released as of Tuesday evening, Hispanic population growth rates are as follows:

Arkansas – 344% Louisiana - 19% Oklahoma – 114% Vermont – 43%
Indiana - 125% Mississippi - 168% Pennsylvania - 79% Virginia - 112%
Iowa - 169% Nevada – 225% South Dakota - 101% Wisconsin - 120%
Kansas – 108%  New Jersey - 55% Texas – 55% 
            
Furthermore, 2000 Census data released to date show the Hispanic population growing rapidly in all areas, including suburbs, which have not traditionally been high-growth Hispanic areas.

· Education:  Hispanics are less likely than non-Hispanic whites to have a bachelor’s degree, 10.6% and 28.1% respectively.  In addition, only 57% of Hispanics over the age of 25 have a high school diploma, compared to 88% for non-Hispanic whites.  It is, therefore, imperative that we make needed investments in education to reduce class size and increase the quality and relevance of our educational system for all students.

· Economics:  Hispanics are more likely than non-Hispanic whites to be employed in low-wage jobs that are less likely to offer health insurance and other benefits.  For example, 22% of Hispanics are operators and laborers and another 19.4% are employed in the service industry, but only 14% of Hispanics are employed in professional and managerial positions.  Because more Hispanics work in low-wage jobs, they are also nearly three times as likely as non-Hispanic whites to live below the poverty threshold, 22.8% and 7.7% respectively.  All of our nation's workers deserve a decent wage and access to health insurance.

Combined, Hispanics and African-Americans make up nearly one quarter, or 70 million, of our nation’s population.  Our leaders at the local, state, and national level must not overlook these numbers; and America must be prepared to invest in education, healthcare, and housing, so that all Americans have equal access to services on a level playing field.  

View Article  Executive Summary:A Population Perspective of the United States

Executive Summary:
A Population Perspective of the United States

World population has grown by one billion in the past 12 years, exceeding six billion in 1999. Nearly half of this population is under the age of 25 and over 90 percent of the growth is taking place in the developing world, in sharp contrast to Europe, North America and Japan, where population growth has slowed dramatically or even stopped. The United States is the only industrialized country in the world where large population increases are projected, due mainly to immigration.

The population of the United States in 1999 is estimated at 272.5 million, making it the world's third most populous nation after China and India.

The U.S. population increases by 0.6 percent annually as a consequence of more births than deaths. Legal immigration contributes another 0.3 percent to growth, or approximately 800,000 people per year.

By 2050, U.S. population is projected to grow to over 403 million people; ethnic and racial minorities will comprise more than 90 percent of those 130 million additional Americans.

Population Distribution

Over the last century, Americans have been moving to metropolitan areas with high economic activity, resulting in a population decline in the non-metropolitan U.S. Currently over 75 percent of the country lives in metropolitan areas of the country.

In 1950, more than half of all Americans (55 percent) lived in the Northeast and Midwest. Today that number has declined to 42 percent as the population has shifted to the South and West. California is the greatest gaining state in the United States.

Racial Composition and Immigration 

Projections indicate that minorities will make up one-third of the U.S. population by 2015 and nearly half of the population by 2050. The current U.S. population is 72 percent non-Hispanic white; 12 percent African-American; 11 percent Hispanic; and five percent Asian and other.

The minority share of the U.S. population has more than doubled since 1950. By 2050, whites – who were an 87 percent majority in 1950 – will comprise only 53 percent of the U.S. population.

Asians (including Pacific Islanders) are the fastest-growing minority group, having increased by 179 percent since 1980. By 2050, Asians will comprise nearly ten percent of the U.S. population.

Since 1980, the number of Hispanics in the U.S. has grown five times faster than the rest of the population, making the United States the third largest Spanish-speaking country in the world.

At 33.1 million in 1999, African-Americans remained the largest single minority group nationally, yet between 2005 and 2015, Hispanics are expected to pass African-Americans as the country’s largest minority group.

More legal immigrants (7.6 million) came to the U.S. from 1991 to 1999 than in any other decade except 1901 to 1910. Approximately 42 percent of these immigrants came from Spanish-speaking countries; 33 percent from Asia; 17 percent from Europe; and five percent from Africa. The government estimated in 1996 that an additional five million immigrants were in the U.S. illegally.

Family Structure 

The household size of the average American family has declined from 3.1 to 2.6 persons during the last 30 years. Reasons for this include the decline in fertility, changes in the living patterns of youth and fewer overall marriages, a higher median age for marriage, and increases in the divorce rate.

According to the National Center for Health Statistics, the U.S. lifetime divorce probability stands at 48.8 percent, a figure that has more than tripled since 1970 when it was 15 percent.

While the U.S. fertility rate has declined from 2.5 to 2.0 since 1970, out-of-wedlock births as a percentage of all births has more than tripled to 36 percent and two-parent families have declined from 87 to 70 percent of all families in 1999. Among non-Hispanic whites, the proportion of single-parent families has doubled to 21 percent, and among African-Americans this number has increased from 36 to 60 percent. Most single-parent families are headed by women.

Higher fertility has been a major source of population growth among minority groups. Hispanics have the highest fertility rate of any U.S. minority, with the average Hispanic woman giving birth to three children in her lifetime. The African-American fertility rate is 2.2 lifetime births per woman. Non-Hispanic whites have the lowest fertility rate of 1.8, about 14 percent below the "replacement rate" of 2.1.

When only considering fecund, sexually active women who do not want to become pregnant (39 million), approximately 8 in 10 U.S. women are using contraception.

The U.S. Census Bureau reports that the teenage birth rate dropped two percent in 1998, continuing a seven-year decline in these numbers. Although teen birth rates remain disproportionately high for Hispanics and African-Americans, these numbers dropped from 1991 to 1997 by three and 23 percent, respectively.

Aging

The country grew rapidly from 132 million in 1940 to its present size due to the post-World War II baby boom, increasing immigration, and increasing life expectancy. The baby boom, 75 million Americans born between 1946 and 1964, currently represents 30 percent of the U.S. population, and at the height of this boom in 1957, 4.3 million children were born. This number dropped to 3.1 million in 1973 and began to rise again in the late 1970s as baby boomers began having children, peaking at 4.1 in 1991.

As a result of aging baby boomers, the U.S. population ages 65 and older will grow from 13 percent today to 18 percent by2025, and the median age of the country will increase from 35.5 to 39 years of age. By 2050, more than one-fifth of all Americans are expected to be over the age of 65.

Chiefly because of higher fertility rates, minorities represent a larger share of U.S. youth, while non-Hispanic whites constitute the bulk of the nation’s elderly. About 35 percent of U.S. children under the age of 18 are minorities, while 84 percent of those over 65 are non-Hispanic whites. By 2025, nearly 47 percent of American children will be African-American, Hispanic or Asian.

Health and Mortality

Life expectancy at birth in the U.S. has increased from 71 to 77 years since 1970. While African-Americans and men experienced the largest gains in life expectancy during the last 25 years, whites and women can still expect to live five years longer than both groups. The leading cause of death for all Americans is major cardiovascular-related disease, and the second cause of death is cancer.

An estimated 44.3 million people in the United States, or 16.3 percent of the population, had no health insurance in 1998, an increase of approximately one million people since 1997. Those more likely to lack health insurance continue to include young adults in the 18- to 24-year-old age group, people with lower levels of education, Hispanics, those who work part-time, and foreign-born Americans.

AIDS-related death rates in the U.S. dropped 21 percent in 1998 to 4.6 deaths per 100,000, and for the first time since 1987, AIDS has fallen out of the nation’s top 15 causes of death. Still, AIDS remains the leading cause of death for African-American men ages 25 to 44 and the third leading cause of death for African-American women of the same age. For the population as a whole, AIDS ranks as the fifth cause of death for the same age group. Since 1995, overall AIDS mortality has declined more than 70 percent.

Education 

In 1997, approximately 82 percent of Americans ages 25 and older had obtained at least a high school diploma; 48 percent had continued their education beyond high school; and 24 percent had earned at least a bachelor’s degree. From 1970 to 1999, college completion rates for the U.S. population ages 25 and older has doubled for non-Hispanic whites and Hispanics and more than tripled for African-Americans.

Labor Force 

In 1999, the U.S. labor force consisted of 137.7 million people, including the unemployed. The unemployment rate stands at 3.9 percent, the lowest it has been in over 30 years.

By occupation, 29.6 percent of the labor force is managerial and professional; 29.3 percent technical, sales and administrative support; 13.6 percent services; 24.8 percent manufacturing, mining, transportation and crafts; and 2.7 percent farming, forestry and fishing.

In 1900, just 19 percent of women were paid for their work. Today, nearly 60 percent of U.S. women participate in the cash economy.

Socioeconomic Factors 

Growth in real median household income made 1998 the year with the highest income levels ever recorded in the U.S. The real median earnings of full time, year-round workers increased between 1994 and 1998 by 4.4 percent for men and 2.0 percent for women.

As U.S. incomes rose, the proportion of the population living below the poverty level dropped to 12.7 percent (34.5 million) in 1998, down from 15 percent in 1990. The average poverty threshold for a family of four in 1998 was $16, 600 in annual income and $13,003 for a family of three. Currently, 8.2 percent of non-Hispanic whites, 26.1 percent of African-Americans, and 25.6 percent of Hispanics are below the poverty level.

Since the 1970s, income inequality has been widening in the U.S. The income share going to the wealthiest five percent of families rose from 15.6 percent in 1970 to 20.3 percent in 1998, and the wealthiest one-half of one percent of American taxpayers now account for more than 11 percent of aggregate income. In recent years, only college graduates have seen a significant increase in wage gains. In 1980, the median male college graduate earned about a third more than the median high school graduate; by 1998, the gap had widened to over 75 percent.

Conclusions 

The aging of the U.S. baby boom population from young adulthood to middle-age has brought shifts in both the age structure and the labor force, affecting healthcare, social security and pension stability. And high levels of immigration during the 1980s and 1990s have contributed to significant population growth and made the country more racially and ethnically diverse, creating implications for the social integration of the United States. The future size, structure and diversity of this nation are already taking shape. Aging baby-boomers and new immigrants will create germinal segments of the population that will be distributed differently across the nation. The impacts of this growing diversity will vary by region, across states, and within states, creating major policy challenges for the United States in the decades ahead.

As this nation moves into the 21st century, demographic circumstances around the world will increase the importance of global matters such as the environment, immigration and overall quality of life. Many challenges lie ahead for our world at six billion. One billion people aged 15 to 24 will reach the height of their reproductive years, and the fertility outcomes of these generations will impact the world and affect the U.S. for generations to come.

View Article  Hispanic-Owned Businesses: Growth Projections, 2004-2010
Hispanic-Owned Businesses: Growth Projections, 2004-2010
Description
Catalog:   HispanTelligence - Research
Price:   $85.00
Unit:   PDF Document

For orders of 10 or more call our Research department for special discounts
at (805) 964-4554 ext. 605
or email research@hbinc.com :

Hispanic-Owned Businesses: Growth Projections, 2004-2010

This data rich report details:

  • Revenue and industry-sector trend analysis for the period 1982-2010
  • The Top 20 states for Hispanic-owned firms
  • Data appendix providing estimates for sales and number of firm by year and industry-sector

Several of the key insights in the data-rich report follow:

  • Hispanic-owned firms in the United States expected to grow 55 percent to 3.2 million
  • Total revenues of Hispanic-owned firms will increase by 70 percent
  • The service and financial sectors show the largest growth
  • More than 90 percent of all Hispanic-owned firms, and their sales volume, are concentrated in 20 states
  • Together, California and Florida are home to 52 percent of all Hispanic-owned firms

Hispanic-Owned Businesses

Spurred by growing entrepreneurial trends and affluence among the nation’s largest minority population, the increase is expected to come at a robust rate of 7.6 percent annually through at least 2010. The number of Hispanic-owned businesses in the United States is expected to grow 55 percent in the next six years to 3.2 million, with total revenues surging 70 percent to more than $465 billion, according to new estimates by HispanTelligence.


View Article  US HISPANIC POPULATION projections to 2025
These numbers are 15 years off!!!!
State July, 1995 July, 2000 July, 2005 July, 2015 July, 2025
California 9,206,000 10,647,000 12,268,000 16,411,000 21,232,000
Texas 5,173,000 5,875,000 6,624,000 8,294,000 10,230,000
New York 2,541,000 2,805,000 3,071,000 3,664,000 4,309,000
Florida 1,955,000 2,390,000 2,845,000 3,828,000 4,944,000
Illinois 1,090,000 1,267,000 1,450,000 1,840,000 2,275,000
New Jersey 896,000 1,044,000 1,196,000 1,513,000 1,861,000
Arizona 868,000 1,071,000 1,269,000 1,641,000 2,065,000
New Mexico 657,000 736,000 821,000 1,011,000 1,241,000
Colorado 507,000 594,000 682,000 859,000 1,067,000
Massachusetts 355,000 437,000 524,000 719,000 934,000
Washington 284,000 360,000 437,000 605,000 797,000
Pennsylvania 279,000 334,000 391,000 507,000 639,000
Connecticut 248,000 288,000 332,000 447,000 574,000
Michigan 233,000 261,000 289,000 355,000 431,000
Virginia 209,000 269,000 322,000 429,000 538,000
Nevada 192,000 277,000 350,000 460,000 583,000
Maryland 172,000 214,000 258,000 345,000 438,000
Ohio 162,000 183,000 206,000 257,000 319,000
Georgia 150,000 189,000 226,000 279,000 349,000
Oregon 150,000 195,000 237,000 323,000 429,000
Indiana 119,000 140,000 162,000 199,000 243,000
Wisconsin 114,000 136,000 156,000 192,000 236,000
Kansas 114,000 138,000 166,000 220,000 281,000
Utah 110,000 138,000 164,000 210,000 265,000
Louisiana 105,000 119,000 138,000 179,000 227,000
Oklahoma 104,000 124,000 143,000 193,000 245,000
Hawaii 100,000 107,000 119,000 149,000 186,000
North Carolina 100,000 121,000 139,000 169,000 210,000
Missouri 74,000 90,000 105,000 137,000 172,000
Minnesota 73,000 95,000 114,000 150,000 193,000
Idaho 72,000 96,000 121,000 160,000 205,000
Rhode Island 60,000 76,000 92,000 133,000 176,000
Nebraska 50,000 61,000 72,000 89,000 111,000
Iowa 46,000 54,000 61,000 78,000 96,000
Tennessee 45,000 57,000 67,000 82,000 104,000
District of Colombia 37,000 40,000 46,000 62,000 80,000
South Carolina 36,000 42,000 50,000 65,000 81,000
Alabama 32,000 37,000 42,000 51,000 63,000
Kentucky 27,000 32,000 38,000 47,000 55,000
Arkansas 27,000 33,000 40,000 54,000 67,000
Wyoming 27,000 35,000 42,000 57,000 74,000
Alaska 25,000 31,000 37,000 47,000 59,000
Mississippi 19,000 21,000 24,000 30,000 39,000
Delaware 19,000 25,000 29,000 38,000 48,000
Montana 16,000 20,000 26,000 30,000 39,000
New Hampshire 13,000 17,000 20,000 28,000 34,000
West Virginia 9,000 11,000 15,000 19,000 24,000
South Dakota 7,000 8,000 9,000 12,000 14,000
Maine 6,000 8,000 10,000 16,000 20,000
Vermont 4,000 6,000 6,000 10,000 12,000
North Dakota 4,000 6,000 8,000 11,000 14,000
TOTAL 26,921,000 31,360,000 36,059,000 46,704,000 58,925,000
*Based on US Census Bureau Projections. Numbers rounded to the nearest thousand.
*These numbers do not include undocummented immigrants.
View Article  Cuba hails condemnation by summit of `blockade'
BY FRANCES ROBLES frobles@herald.com   more »
View Article  The People Speak (Shout, Actually) on Brooklyn Arena Project
By NICHOLAS CONFESSORE Published: October 19, 2005   more »
View Article  An Elevated Plaza Finally Worth Going Up to See
By DAVID W. DUNLAP Published: October 19, 2005   more »
View Article  Scientists Bridle at Lecture Plan for Dalai Lama
By BENEDICT CAREY Published: October 19, 2005   more »
View Article  Sin dejar huella
Sin dejar huella
Redacción BBC

Una huella dactilar mirada desde una lupa
Los trabajos manuales pueden desgastar las huellas y alterar resultados.

La gente que trabaja con las manos podría ser erróneamente identificada por escáneres de alta tecnología, debido al desgaste de sus huellas digitales.

El trabajo manual nunca ha sido bueno para las manos, pero ahora, las personas que trabajan con ellas, podrían encarar problemas con las autoridades.

Los albañiles y labriegos podrían ver que sus huellas digitales no son reconocidas por los equipos que entusiasman tanto a algunos gobiernos desde que se lanzó la llamada "guerra contra el terrorismo".

Y esta limitación tecnológica también afecta a los mecanógrafos, pianistas, violinistas y guitarristas, quienes probablemente estarían sujetos a lecturas imprecisas.

El problema radica en que las huellas digitales pueden desgastarse severamente, particularmente las de aquellas personas que están en contacto con materiales abrasivos.

Secretos de las huellas

El experto en dactiloscopia Raymond Broadstock explica que las la huellas dactilares son como campos arados.

"Los trabajos de construcción o mecanográficos gastan las crestas y la lisura de la piel se afecta, en consecuencia, la lectura de la huellas se dificulta", señala.

El daño en la piel no es permanente ya que la dermis se rejuvenece en cuestión de días. Sin embargo, para aquellos que trabajan en esas profesiones es muy difícil hallar el tiempo suficiente para que las manos descansen y las crestas se reconstruyan.

Al parecer, recientes pruebas llevadas a cabo por el gobierno británico -que planea lanzar tarjetas de identidad para sus ciudadanos, con la más alta tecnología- arrojaron resultados preocupantes: una de cada mil personas fue mal identificada, por falta de huellas digitales o problemas con su cara o iris.

"Se sabe que los prisioneros se raspan las manos en las paredes de las celdas con la intención de desgastar sus huellas, entonces se los ubica en celdas con paredes lisas hasta que las huellas se rejuvenecen", señaló Broadstock.

¿Cómo contrarrestar entonces las limitaciones de la tecnología?.

Según Raymond Broadstock, una posibilidad sería desarrollar un programa que lea la palma de la mano ya que también tienen crestas únicas.

"Un criminal en Estados Unidos se borró las huellas dactilares tomando piel de otras partes de su cuerpo e injertándosela en la punta de los dedos. Le funcionó, pero en todo caso lo atraparon pues se olvidó de las palmas de sus manos... ¡quedó sorprendido, por decir poco!"

View Article  Untitled
By JIM ROBBINS Published: October 18, 2005   more »
View Article  http://www.moleremedy.com/Mole_Removal.html
http://www.moleremedy.com/Mole_Removal.html   more »
View Article  skin cancer facts


If it's just a Mole
Remove it with DermaTend!



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Skin Cancer Facts

Skin Cancer effects more than a million people each year in America. Experts say more than one in 5 Americans will get skin cancer in the course of a lifetime. It is estimated that number will increase over the next five years; by 2010, "Melanoma" is projected to rise to one in 50 Americans. The incidence of melanoma, which is the deadliest form of skin cancer, is rising faster than that of any other cancer. One person dies every hour from skin cancer, primarily melanoma. Nationally, there are more new cases of skin cancer each year than the combined incidence of cancers of the prostate, breast, lung, and colon. The good news is; most of the things that pop up on our bodies as we age; moles, and skin tags are nothing to worry about, and they can be removed with natural mole removers or laser surgery.

Reno Nevada News reports that "more than 90 percent of all skin cancers are caused by sun exposure, yet most people use no form of sun protection; less than 33 percent of adults, adolescents, and children routinely use sun protection." The majority of people diagnosed with the melanoma form of skin cancer are "White Men over age 50." Skin cancer is the #1 cancer that hits men over age 50, way ahead of prostate, lung and colon cancer. Middle-aged and older men have the poorest track record for performing monthly skin self exams or regularly visiting a dermatologist. They are also the least likely individual to detect a melanoma in its early stages. While this type of skin cancer is uncommon in African-Americans, Asians, and Latinos, it is most deadly for these populations.

Melanoma also kills more young women under the age of 40 than any other cancer. In the past thirty years, skin cancer has tripled in women in America. The incidence of melanoma is increasing so rapidly in women that it is now the most common cancer in young women aged 25-29, and second only to breast cancer in women aged 30-34.

New research out on skin cancer and its causes revealed that one type of ray - the "UVA" causes more genetic damage than the other"UVB" rays. These UVB rays harm skin cells where most skin cancers arise – the keratinocytes in the basal layer of the epidermis. The UVB rays tend to cause damage in more superficial epidermal layers.

Skin Cancer * Mole Pictures

Skin Cancer Mole Picture    Squamous Cell Carcinoma    Basal Cell Carcinoma    Malignant Melanoma     Common Mole Removal
View Article  Skin_Cancer_Mole_Pictures
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Monday, October 17
View Article  Declaran emergencia tras disturbios raciales

MIEMBROS DEL Movimiento Nacional Socialista, que se llama a sí mismo el Partido Nazi Estadounidense, provocan a los que los abuchean durante su marcha del sábado en Toledo, Ohio.
ALAN DETRICH / AP
MIEMBROS DEL Movimiento Nacional Socialista, que se llama a sí mismo el Partido Nazi Estadounidense, provocan a los que los abuchean durante su marcha del sábado en Toledo, Ohio.

Las autoridades de la ciudad de Toledo, en el estado de Ohio, anunciaron ayer que continuará el ''estado de emergencia'' y un toque de queda impuestos a causa de disturbios y saqueos tras una pelea entre extremistas negros y blancos.

La ciudad está hoy bajo una calma aparente y tensa, según los medios de comunicación locales.

Unas 114 personas fueron arrestadas, algunas de las cuales serán acusadas de vandalismo, asalto, no obedecer a las autoridades de policía, no dispersarse y violaciones al toque de queda, informó un portavoz policial.

El director de la policía local, Mike Navarre, y el alcalde de Toledo, Jack Ford, dijeron hoy en una rueda de prensa, que al menos 12 agentes policiales resultaron con heridas y golpes cuando dispersaron a los revoltosos con gases lacrimógenos y balas de goma.

Extremistas del llamado Movimiento Nacional Socialista, nazi, con sede en Roanoke (Virginia), se congregaron el sábado en un céntrico parque de Toledo con objeto de denunciar el supuesto acoso de residentes blancos por pandillas de negros.

La violencia estalló cuando grupos de negros llegaron al lugar y abuchearon a los oradores blancos, según versiones de testigos hechas a estaciones de televisión locales.

Navarre y Ford explicaron hoy que tanto blancos como negros se enfrentaron a la policía, dañaron automóviles, saquearon negocios y causaron serios daños a la propiedad privada e incendiaron un bar.

Navarre dijo que por alguna circunstancia la situación se tornó más difícil de lo que se esperaba.

Ahora se investigan los motivos que tuvieron los revoltosos para volcar su enojo contra los agentes, después que el grupo de extremistas blancos abandonara el condado Lucas, donde ocurrieron los disturbios, dijo el jefe policial de esa área, James Telb.

El alcalde Ford señaló que la gente estaba ''altamente enfadada'' por la idea de que un grupo que no pertenece a la comunidad pudiese llegar a Toledo e insultar a sus habitantes''.


 
View Article  Cuba permite viajar a EEUU a hijos de sargento que luchó en Irak

EL MILITAR cubanoamericano junto a sus hijos.
Foto ARCHIVO
EL MILITAR cubanoamericano junto a sus hijos.

Los dos hijos del sargento cubanoamericano que hizo historia demandando a Washington su derecho a visitar Cuba por razones familiares, recibieron finalmente el permiso del gobierno cubano para viajar a Estados Unidos, adonde llegarán esta semana.

En una decisión excepcional, las autoridades migratorias de la isla entregaron el pasado viernes el permiso de salida a Carlos Manuel Lazo, de 19 años, y Carlos Rafael Lazo, de 16, para visitar a su padre, Carlos Lazo, quien reside en la ciudad de Seattle.

''Estoy supercontento'', dijo ayer Lazo en conversación telefónica con El Nuevo Herald. ``Me sorprende que el gobierno cubano haya accedido a darles la salida y me siento una persona afortunada al poder disfrutar de este reencuentro con mis hijos''.

Regularmente el gobierno cubano prohíbe la salida del país a jóvenes en edad militar. Carlos Manuel estudia en una escuela técnica de Electricidad, y Carlos Rafael cursa el técnico medio en Economía. Ambos se encontraban en un período de práctica en sus respectivas especialidades.

''Aquí todo el mundo ha hecho excepciones, pues tampoco es común que la Oficina de Intereses [USINT] les ofrezca visas a jóvenes de esa edad'', comentó el veterano de la guerra de Irak. ``No estoy ajeno a las manipulaciones políticas del caso, pero si el resultado es que mis hijos salieran de Cuba, pues bienvenida la manipulación''.

El caso de Lazo, de galardonado con la Estrella de Bronce por su actitud heroica en la batalla de Faluya, cobró atención nacional luego de que a su regreso de la guerra se vio impedido de viajar a la isla. Según las restricciones impuestas por la Casa Blanca el pasado año, el militar no podría visitar a sus dos hijos hasta abril del 2006, tres años después de su anterior viaje a Cuba.

Los funcionarios estadounidenses se negaron a conceder un permiso especial por razones humanitarias, argumentando que el criterio de la administración es ''no hacer excepciones'' sobre el tema de los viajes familiares a Cuba.

Tras desplegar intensas gestiones ante el Congreso, el Departamento de Estado y el propio presidente George W. Bush, las autoridades estadounidenses lo contactaron a comienzos de julio para ofrecerle que sus hijos pudieran reunirse con él en EEUU.

Un mes después los jóvenes recibieron visas de no inmigrantes en la USINT en La Habana y solicitaron entonces, el 11 de agosto, el permiso del gobierno cubano. La autorización les fue comunicada el pasado viernes.

''Agradezco a toda la gente que trató de ayudarme, funcionarios y congresistas de ambos partidos'', relató Lazo, quien calificó la noticia de ``una victoria a la mitad''.

``He logrado solución para mi caso personal, pero siento a la vez tristeza, porque el problema mayor no se ha resuelto: restaurar el derecho a viajar a miles de cubanos de Miami que tienen familiares cercanos en la isla, muchos de ellos ancianos y enfermos''.

Los dos jóvenes viajarán el próximo viernes de La Habana a Miami. Su padre vendrá a recibirlos y luego se irán a Seattle, donde pasarán juntos las Navidades.

''Si se quedan o no definitivamente es algo que ellos decidirán'', manifestó Lazo. La madre de los muchachos vive en Cuba.

Lazo, quien cumplió cárcel en Cuba por salida ilegal en 1988, logró abandonar la isla en balsa en 1992 y fue rescatado por los guardacostas a seis millas de Cayo Hueso. Residió en Hialeah por seis años antes de radicarse en Seattle con su esposa y tres hijos menores.

View Article  Cuban exile from Miami chosen for Immigration job

Cuban exile from Miami chosen for Immigration job


A Cuban exile will appear Tuesday before the U.S. Senate to seek confirmation as head of a Homeland Security immigration unit.



achardy@herald.com

Emilio T. González was 4 years old when he fled his Cuban homeland with his family in 1961. At age 9, he, his older sister and his parents became U.S. citizens.

The young immigrant went on to become a successful member of the Cuban-American community and a trusted advisor to high-level U.S. foreign policy decision-makers.

On Tuesday, González, 48, appears before the Senate Judiciary Committee for a confirmation hearing after President Bush nominated him to head the Department of Homeland Security's U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services.

CREATED AFTER 9/11

It's one of three agencies that replaced the Immigration and Naturalization Service following the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks.

Citizenship and Immigration Services handles the so-called service side of immigration -- naturalizing immigrants, awarding green cards, processing work permits and adjudicating asylum petitions.

If confirmed, González will follow in the footsteps of another Cuban immigrant -- Eduardo Aguirre, USCIS' first director, who stepped down to become U.S. ambassador to Spain.

NO COMMENT

González declined comment, but friends and associates provided an outline of his background.

The year he and his family fled Cuba was a fateful one for the island.

Fidel Castro proclaimed the ''socialist character'' of the Cuban revolution, and Cuban exiles, trained and financed by the Central Intelligence Agency, landed at the Bay of Pigs on the island's southern coast. They were soundly defeated after the United States failed to provide air cover for them.

Gonzalez's family left Cuba aboard a Spanish ship carrying Catholic priests and nuns expelled by the Castro regime. It went to Venezuela, where Gonzalez's mother has relatives. The family later moved to Tampa.

González's father chose Tampa because he had been in the cigar business in Cuba and the old city on Florida's West Coast has historic connections to the Cuban tobacco industry.

González attended the University of South Florida, graduating in 1977 with a bachelor's degree in international relations.

A short time later, he joined the U.S. Army and made a career out of the military. He stayed in the Army for 26 years, with postings around the world, and eventually made the rank of colonel. He taught at West Point and served as military attaché at the U.S. embassies in Mexico and El Salvador.

WORKED IN MIAMI

In Miami, González served as special assistant to Gen. Peter Pace, then commander-in-chief of the U.S. Southern Command. Pace is now chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

González, meanwhile, obtained a master's degree in Latin American studies at Tulane University and a Ph.D in international affairs at the University of Miami.

Jaime Suchlicki, a professor of history and director of UM's Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies, directed González's dissertation on the Salvadoran military.

''It was an analysis of the military and their attitude,'' Suchlicki recalled. ``He had good discipline. A very dedicated student, but he was also an affable guy with a great personality. Very intelligent guy.''

González also wrote a paper for a UM class titled The Cuban Connection: Drug Trafficking and the Castro Regime.

In 2002, González joined the Bush administration as director for Western Hemisphere affairs at the National Security Council. He later went to work for a private law firm, Miami-based Tew Cardenas, LLP, commuting between his Miami home and the U.S. capital where he opened a government affairs office.

González's wife, Gloria Aristigueta, is an elementary and preschool teacher. Their two daughters attend Florida International University.

Sunday, October 16
View Article  Chasing Ground
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View Article  In New Orleans, the Trashman Will Have to Move Mountains
By JENNIFER MEDINA Published: October 16, 2005   more »
View Article  Measuring the World: From Material to Ethereal
By KENNETH CHANG Published: October 16, 2005   more »
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Saturday, October 15
View Article  BELLADONNA

BELLADONNA


Nightshade, Deadly

Nightshade, Deadly

POISON!
Steadman Shorter's Medical Dictionary, Poisons & Antidotes: Atropine

Botanical: Atropa belladonna (LINN.)
Family: N.O. Solanaceae

---Synonyms---Belladonna. Devil's Cherries. Naughty Man's Cherries. Divale. Black Cherry. Devil's Herb. Great Morel. Dwayberry.
---Parts Used---Root, leaves, tops.
---Habitat---Widely distributed over Central and Southern Europe, South-west Asia and Algeria; cultivated in England, France and North America.


Though widely distributed over Central and Southern Europe, the plant is not common in England, and has become rarer of late years. Although chiefly a native of the southern counties, being almost confined to calcareous soils, it has been sparingly found in twenty-eight British counties, mostly in waste places, quarries and near old ruins. In Scotland it is rare. Under the shade of trees, on wooded hills, on chalk or limestone, it will grow most luxuriantly, forming bushy plants several feet high, but specimens growing in places exposed to the sun are apt to be dwarfed, consequently it rarely attains such a large size when cultivated in the open, and is more subject to the attacks of insects than when growing wild under natural conditions.

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---Description---The root is thick, fleshy and whitish, about 6 inches long, or more, and branching. It is perennial. The purplishcoloured stem is annual and herbaceous. It is stout, 2 to 4 feet high, undivided at the base, but dividing a little above the ground into three - more rarely two or four branches, each of which again branches freely.

The leaves are dull, darkish green in colour and of unequal size, 3 to 10 inches long, the lower leaves solitary, the upper ones in pairs alternately from opposite sides of the stem, one leaf of each pair much larger than the other, oval in shape, acute at the apex, entire and attenuated into short petioles.

First-year plants grow only about 1 1/2 feet in height. Their leaves are often larger than in full-grown plants and grow on the stem immediately above the ground. Older plants attain a height of 3 to 5 feet, occasionally even 6 feet, the leaves growing about 1 to 2 feet from the ground.

The whole plant is glabrous, or nearly so, though soft, downy hairs may occur on the young stems and the leaves when quite young. The veins of the leaves are prominent on the under surface, especially the midrib, which is depressed on the upper surface of the leaf.

The fresh plant, when crushed, exhales a disagreeable odour, almost disappearing on drying, and the leaves have a bitter taste, when both fresh and dry.

The flowers, which appear in June and July, singly, in the axils of the leaves, and continue blooming until early September, are of a dark and dingy purplish colour, tinged with green, large (about an inch long), pendent, bell-shaped, furrowed, the corolla with five large teeth or lobes, slightly reflexed. The five-cleft calyx spreads round the base of the smooth berry, which ripens in September, when it acquires a shining black colour and is in size like a small cherry. It contains several seeds. The berries are full of a dark, inky juice, and are intensely sweet, and their attraction to children on that account, has from their poisonous properties, been attended with fatal results. Lyte urges growers 'to be carefull to see to it and to close it in, that no body enter into the place where it groweth, that wilbe enticed with the beautie of the fruite to eate thereof.' And Gerard, writing twenty years later, after recounting three cases of poisoning from eating the berries, exhorts us to 'banish therefore these pernicious plants out of your gardens and all places neare to your houses where children do resort.' In September, 1916, three children were admitted to a London hospital suffering from Belladonna poisoning, caused, it was ascertained, from having eaten berries from large fruiting plants of Atropa Belladonna growing in a neighbouring public garden, the gardener being unaware of their dangerous nature, and again in 1921 the Norwich Coroner, commenting on the death of achild from the same cause, said that he had had four not dissimilar cases previously.

It is said that when taken by accident, the poisonous effects of Belladonna berries may be prevented by swallowing as soon as possible an emetic, such as a large glass of warm vinegar or mustard and water. In undoubted cases of this poisoning, emetics and the stomach-pump are resorted to at once, followed by a dose of magnesia, stimulants and strong coffee, the patient being kept very warm and artificial respiration being applied if necessary. A peculiar symptom in those poisoned by Belladonna is the complete loss of voice, together with frequent bending forward of the trunk and continual movements of the hands and fingers, the pupils of the eye becoming much dilated.

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---History---The plant in Chaucer's days was known as Dwale, which Dr. J. A. H. Murray considers was probably derived from the Scandinavian dool, meaning delay or sleep. Other authorities have derived the word from the French deuil (grief), a reference to its fatal properties.

Its deadly character is due to the presence of an alkaloid, Atropine, 1/10 grain of which swallowed by a man has occasioned symptoms of poisoning. As every part of the plant is extremely poisonous, neither leaves, berries, nor root should be handled if there are any cuts or abrasions on the hands. The root is the most poisonous, the leaves and flowers less so, and the berries, except to children, least of all. It is said that an adult may eat two or three berries without injury, but dangerous symptoms appear if more are taken, and it is wiser not to attempt the experiment. Though so powerful in its action on the human body, the plant seems to affect some of the lower animals but little. Eight pounds of the herb are said to have been eaten by a horse without causing any injury, and an ass swallowed 1 lb. of the ripe berries without any bad results following. Rabbits, sheep, goats and swine eat the leaves with impunity, and birds often eat the seeds without any apparent effect, but cats and dogs are very susceptible to the poison.

Belladonna is supposed to have been the plant that poisoned the troops of Marcus Antonius during the Parthian wars. Plutarch gives a graphic account of the strange effects that followed its use.

Buchanan relates in his History of Scotland (1582) a tradition that when Duncan I was King of Scotland, the soldiers of Macbeth poisoned a whole army of invading Danes by a liquor mixed with an infusion of Dwale supplied to them during a truce. Suspecting nothing, the invaders drank deeply and were easily overpowered and murdered in their sleep by the Scots.

According to old legends, the plant belongs to the devil who goes about trimming and tending it in his leisure, and can only be diverted from its care on one night in the year, that is on Walpurgis, when he is preparing for the witches' sabbath. The apples of Sodom are held to be related to this plant, and the name Belladonna is said to record an old superstition that at certain times it takes the form of an enchantress of exceeding loveliness, whom it is dangerous to look upon, though a more generally accepted view is that the name was bestowed on it because its juice was used by the Italian ladies to give their eyes greater brilliancy, the smallest quantity having the effect of dilating the pupils of the eye.

Another derivation is founded on the old tradition that the priests used to drink an infusion before they worshipped and invoked the aid of Bellona, the Goddess of War.

The generic name of the plant, Atropa, is derived from the Greek Atropos, one of the Fates who held the shears to cut the thread of human life - a reference to its deadly, poisonous nature.

Thomas Lupton (1585) says: 'Dwale makes one to sleep while he is cut or burnt by cauterizing.' Gerard (1597) calls the plant the Sleeping Nightshade, and says the leaves moistened in wine vinegar and laid on the head induce sleep.

Mandrake, a foreign species of Atropa (A. Mandragora), was used in Pliny's day as an anaesthetic for operations. Its root contains an alkaloid, Mandragorine. The sleeping potion of Juliet was a preparation from this plant - perhaps also the Mandrake wine of the Ancients. It was called Circaeon, being the wine of Circe.

Belladonna is often confused in the public mind with dulcamara (Bittersweet), possibly because it bears the popular name of woody nightshade. The cultivation of Belladonna in England dates at least from the sixteenth century, for Lyte says, in the Niewe Herball, 1578: 'This herbe is found in some places of this Countrie, in woods and hedges and in the gardens of some Herboristes.' Though not, however, much cultivated, it was evidently growing wild in many parts of the country when our great Herbals were written. Gerard mentions it as freely growing at Highgate, also at Wisbech and in Lincolnshire, and it gave a name to a Lancashire valley. Under the name of Solanum lethale, the plant was included in our early Pharmacopoeias, but it was dropped in 1788 and reintroduced in 1809 as Belladonna folia. Gerard was the first English writer to adopt the Italian name, of which he makes two words. The root was not used in medicine here until 1860, when Peter Squire recommended it as the basis of an anodyne liniment.

Before the War, the bulk of the world's supply of Belladonna was derived from plants growing wild on waste, stony places in Southern Europe. The industry was an important one in Croatia and Slavonia in South Hungary, the chief centre for foreign Belladonna, the annual crop in those provinces having been estimated at 60 to 100 tons of dry leaves and 150 to 200 tons of dry root. In 1908 the largest exporter in Slavonia is said to have sent out 29,880 lb. of dry Belladonna root.

The Balkan War of 1912-13 interrupted the continuity of Belladonna exports from South Hungary. Stocks of roots and leaves made shorter supplies last out until 1914, when prices rose, owing to increasing scarcity roots which realized 45s. per cwt. in January, 1914, selling for 65s. in June, 1914. With the outbreak of the Great War and the consequent entire stoppage of supplies, the price immediately rose to 100s. per cwt., and soon after, from 300s. to 480s. per cwt. or more. The dried leaves, from abroad, which in normal times sold at 45s. to 50s. per cwt., rose to 250s. to 350s. or more, per cwt. In August, 1916, the drug Atropine derived from the plant had risen from 10s. 6d. per oz. before the War to L. 7 (pounds sterling) per OZ.

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---Cultivation---Belladonna herb and root are sold by analysis, the value depending upon the percentage of alkaloid contained. A wide variation occurs in the amount of alkaloid present. It is important, therefore, to grow the crop under such conditions of soil and temperature as are likely to develop the highest percentage of the active principle.

In connexion with specimens of the wild plant, it is most difficult to trace the conditions which determine the variations, but it has been ascertained that a light, permeable and chalky soil is the most suitable for this crop. This, joined to a south-west aspect on the slope of a hill, gives specially good results as regards a high percentage of alkaloids. The limits of growth of Belladonna are between 50 degrees and 55 degrees N. Lat. and an altitude of 300 to 600 feet, though it may descend to sealevel where the soil is calcareous, especially where the drainage is good and the necessary amount of shade is found. The question of suitability of soil is especially important. Although the cultivated plant contains less alkaloid than that which grows wild, this in reality is only true of plants transported to a soil unsuited to them. It has been found, on the contrary, that artificial aids, such as the judicious selection of manure, the cleansing and preparation of the soil, destruction of weeds, etc., in accordance with the latest scientific practice, have improved the plants in every respect, not only in bulk, but even in percentage weight of alkaloidal contents.

Authorities differ on the question of manuring. Some English growers manure little if the plants are strong, but if the soil is really poor, or the plants are weak, the crop may be appreciably increased by the use of farmyard manure, or a mixture of nitrate of soda, basic slag and kainit. Excellent results have been obtained in experiments, by treating with basic slag, a soil already slightly manured and naturally suited to the plant, the percentage of total alkaloid in dry leaf and stem from third-year plants amounting to 0.84. In this case, the season was, however, an exceptionally favourable one, and, moreover, the soil being naturally suited to the plant, the percentage of alkaloid obtained without added fertilizer was already high. Speaking from the writer's own experience, Belladonna grows in her garden at Chalfont St. Peter. The soil is gravelly even stony in some parts, with a chalk subsoil - the conditions similar to those that the plant enjoys in its wild state. This neighbourhood, in her opinion, is a suitable one for growing fields of Belladonna as crops for medicinal purposes.

Notes and statistics taken from season to season, extending over nine years, have shown that atmospheric conditions have a marked influence on the alkaloidal contents of Belladonna, the highest percentage of alkaloid being yielded in plants grown in sunny and dry seasons. The highest percentage of alkaloid, viz. 0.68 per cent, was obtained from the Belladonna crop of 1912, a year in which the months May and June were unusually dry and sunny; the lowest, just half, 0.34 was obtained on the same ground in 1907, when the period May and June was particularly lacking in sunshine. In 1905, August and September proving a very wet season, specimens analysed showed the low percentages of 0.38 and 0.35, whereas in July and October, 1906, the intervening period being very fine and dry, specimens analysed in those months showed a percentage of 0.54 and 0.64 respectively.

There appears to be no marked variation in alkaloidal contents due to different stages of growth from June to September, except when the plant begins to fade, when there is rapid loss, hence the leaves may be gathered any time from June until the fading of the leaves and shoots set in.

In sowing Belladonna seed, 2 to 3 lb. should be reckoned to the acre. Autumn sown seeds do not always germinate, it is therefore more satisfactory to sow in boxes in a cool house, or frame, in early March, soaking the soil in the seed-boxes first, with boiling water, or baking it in an oven, to destroy the embryo of a small snail which is apt, as well as slugs and various insects, to attack the seedlings later. Pieces of chalk or lime can be placed among the drainage rubble at the bottom of the boxes. Belladonna seed is very slow in germinating, taking four to six weeks, or even longer, and as a rule not more than 70 per cent can be relied on to germinate. On account of the seeds being so prone to attack by insect pests, if sown in the open, the seed-beds should first be prepared carefully. First of all, rubbish should be burnt on the ground, the soil earthed up and fired all over, all sorts of burnt vegetable rubbish being worked in. Then thoroughly stir up the ground and leave it rough for a few days so that air and sun permeate it well. Then level and rake the bed fine and finally give it a thorough drenching with boiling water. Let it stand till dry and friable, add sharp grit sand on the surface, rake fine again and then sow the seed very thinly.

Considerable moisture is needed during germination. The seedlings should be ready for planting out in May, when there is no longer any fear of frost. They will then be about 1 1/2 inch high. Put them in after rain, or if the weather be dry, the ground should be well watered first, the seedlings puddled in and shaded from the sun with inverted flower-pots for several days. About 5,000 plants will be needed to the acre. If they are to remain where first planted, they may be planted 18 inches apart. A reserve of plants should be grown to fill in gaps.

The seedlings are liable to injury by late frosts and a light top dressing of farmyard manure or leaf-mould serves to preserve young shoots from injury during sudden and dangerous changes of temperature. They do best in shade. In America, difficulties in the cultivation of Belladonna have been overcome by interspersing plants with rows of scarlet runners, which, shading the herb, cause it to grow rapidly. Healthy young plants soon become re-established when transplanted, but require watering in dry weather. Great care must be taken to keep the crop clean from weeds and handpicking is to be recommended.

By September, the single stem will be 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 feet high. A gathering of leaves may then be made, if the plants are strong; 'leaves' include the broken-off tops of the plants, but the coarser stems are left on the plant and all discoloured portions rejected, and the plants should not be entirely denuded of leaves.

Before the approach of winter, plants must be thinned to 2 1/2 to 3 feet apart, or overcrowding will result in the second year, in which the plant will bear one or two strong stems.

The writer finds that the green tips and cuttings from side branches root well and easily in early summer, and that buds with a piece of the root attached can be taken off the bigger roots in April, this being a very successful way of rapid propagation to get big, strong plants.

In the second year, in June, the crop is cut a few inches above the ground, while flowering, and delivered to the wholesale buyer the same day it is cut.

The average crop of fresh herb in the second and third years is 5 to 6 tons per acre, and 5 tons of fresh leaves and tops yield 1 ton of dried herb. A second crop is obtained in September in good seasons.

The yield per acre in the first year of growth should average about 6 cwt. of dry leaves.

The greatest loss of plants is in wet winters. Young seedling plants unless protected by dead leaves during the winter often perish. On the lighter soils there is less danger from winter loss, but the plants are more liable to damage from drought in summer.

One of the principal insect pests that attack Belladonna leaves is the so-called 'fleabeetle.' It perforates the leaves to such an extent as to make them unfit for sale in a dried state. It is when the plants are exposed to too much sunlight in open spots that the attacks of the beetle are worst, its natural habitat being well-drained slopes, partly under trees. If therefore the ground around the plants is covered with a thick mulch of leaves, they are not so likely to be attacked. The caterpillars from which the beetles come feed on the ground, and as they dislike moisture, the damp leaves keep them away. If napthalene is scattered on the soil, the vapour will probably help to keep the beetles off. The only way to catch them is to spread greased sheets of paper below the plants, and whenever the plants are disturbed a number of beetles will jump off like fleas and be caught on the papers. This at best only lessens the total quantity, however, and the other methods of precaution are the best.

The plant is dug or ploughed up during the autumn in the fourth year and the root collected, washed and dried, 3 to 4 tons of fresh root yielding a little over 1 ton of dry root. In time of great scarcity, it would probably pay to dig the root in the third year.

Old roots must be replaced by a planting of young ones or offsets, and if wireworm is observed, soot should be dug in with replacements.

Although Belladonna is not a plant that can be successfully grown in every small garden, yet in a chalky garden a few plants might be grown in a shady corner for the sake of the seed, for which there is a demand for propagation. Those, also, who know the haunts of the plant in its wild state might profitably collect the ripe berries, which should then be put into thin cotton bags and the juice squeezed out in running water. When the water is no longer stained, wring the bag well and turn out the seeds on to blotting paper and dry in the sun, or in a warm room near a stove. Sieve them finally, when dry, to remove all portions of the berry skin, etc.

Belladonna has been successfully cultivated in the neighbourhood of Leningrad since 1914, and already good crops have been obtained, the richness of the stems in alkaloids being noteworthy. It is stated that in consequence of the success that has attended the cultivation of Belladonna in Russia, it will no longer be needful to employ German drugs in the preparation of certain alkaloids. Much is also being collected wild in the Caucasus and in the Crimea.

It is hoped that if sufficient stocks can be raised in Britain, not only will it be unnecessary to import Belladonna, but that it may be possible to export it to those of our Dominions where the climate and local conditions prevent its successful culture, though at present it is still included among the medicinal plants of which the exportation is forbidden.

The following note on the growth and cultivation of Belladonna is from the Chemist and Druggist, of February 26, 1921:
'Belladonna is a perennial, but for horticultural purposes it is treated as a biennial, or triennial plant. The root in 3 years has attained very large dimensions around Edinburgh; in fact, often so large as to make the lifting a very heavy, and therefore costly, matter, and in consequence 2 years' growth is quite sufficient. One-year-old roots are just as active as the three-year-old stocks, and to the grower it is merely a matter of expediency which crop he chooses to dig up. The aerial growth is very heavy, twoyear-old plants making 5 to 6 feet in the season if not cut for first crop, and if cut in July they make a second growth of 2 to 3 feet by September. To obtain a supply of seeds certain plantations must be left uncut, so as to get a crop of seeds for the next season. Moisture is, from a practical point of view, a very important matter. A sample, apparently dry to the touch, but not crisp, may have 15 per cent to 20 per cent of moisture present. Therefore if a pharmacist was to use a sample of such Belladonna leaves, although assayed to contain 0.03 per cent of alkaloids, he would produce a weaker tincture than if he had used leaves with, say, only 5 per cent of water present. The alkaloidal factor of this drug is the index to its value. Both the British and the United States Pharmacopoeias adopt the same standard of alkaloidal value for the leaves, but the British Pharmacopceia does not require a standard for the root, which is one of those subtle conundrums which this quaint book frequently presents! Plants grown in a hard climate, such as Scotland, give a good alkaloidal figure, which compares favourably with any others. For roots, the British Pharmacopoeia as just stated, requires no standard, but United States Pharmacopceia standard is 0.45 per cent, and Scottish roots yielded 0.78 per cent and 0.72 per cent. There is not a great deal of alkaloidal value in the stalks. About 0.08 in the autumn.'
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---Constituents---The medicinal properties of Belladonna depend on the presence of Hyoscyamine and Atropine. The root is the basis of the principal preparations of Belladonna.

The total alkaloid present in the root varies between 0.4 and 0.6 per cent, but as much as 1 per cent has been found, consisting of Hyoscyamine and its isomer Atropine, 0.1 to 0.6 per cent; Belladonnine and occasionally, Atropamine. Starch and Atrosin, a red colouring principle, are also present in the root. Scopolamine (hyoscine) is also found in traces, as is a fluorescent principle similar to that found in horse-chestnut bark and widely distributed through the natural order Solanaceae. The greater portion of the alkaloidal matter consists of Hyoscyamine, and it is possible that any Atropine found is produced during extraction.

The amount of alkaloids present in the leaves varies somewhat in wild or cultivated plants, and according to the methods of drying and storing adopted, as well as on the conditions of growth, soil, weather, etc.

The proportion of the total alkaloid present in the dried leaves varies from 0.3 to 0.7per cent. The greater proportion consists of Hyoscyamine, the Atropine being produced during extraction, as in the root. Belladonnine and Apoatropine may also be formed during extraction from the drug. The leaves contain also a trace of Scopolamine, Atrosin and starch.

The British Pharmacopoeia directs that the leaves should not contain less than 0.3 per cent of alkaloids and the root not less than 0.45 per cent.

A standardized liquid extract is prepared, from which the official plaster, alcoholic extract, liniment, suppository, tincture and ointment are made. The green extract is prepared from the fresh leaves.

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---Medicinal Action and Uses---Narcotic, diuretic, sedative, antispasmodic, mydriatic. Belladonna is a most valuable plant in the treatment of eye diseases, Atropine, obtained during extraction, being its most important constituent on account of its power of dilating the pupil. Atropine will have this effect in whatever way used, whether internally, or injected under the skin, but when dropped into the eye, a much smaller quantity suffices, the tiny discs oculists using for this purpose, before testing their patient's sight for glasses, being made of gelatine with 1/50000 grain of Atropine in each, the entire disk only weighing 1/50 grain. Scarcely any operation on the eye can safely be performed without the aid of this valuable drug. It is a strong poison, the amount given internally being very minute, 1/200 to 1/100 grain. As an antidote to Opium, Atropine may be injected subcutaneously, and it has also been used in poisoning by Calabar bean and in Chloroform poisoning. It has no action on the voluntary muscles, but the nerve endings in involuntary muscles are paralysed by large doses, the paralysis finally affecting the central nervous system, causing excitement and delirium.

The various preparations of Belladonna have many uses. Locally applied, it lessens irritability and pain, and is used as a lotion, plaster or liniment in cases of neuralgia, gout, rheumatism and sciatica. As a drug, it specially affects the brain and the bladder. It is used to check excessive secretions and to allay inflammation and to check the sweating of phthisis and other exhausting diseases.

Small doses allay cardiac palpitation, and the plaster is applied to the cardiac region for the same purpose, removing pain and distress.

It is a powerful antispasmodic in intestinal colic and spasmodic asthma. Occasionally the leaves are employed as an ingredient of cigarettes for relieving the latter. It is well borne by children, and is given in large doses in whooping cough and false croup.

For its action on the circulation, it is given in the collapse of pneumonia, typhoid fever and other acute diseases. It increases the rate of the heart by some 20 to 40 beats per minute, without diminishing its force.

It is of value in acute sore throat, and relieves local inflammation and congestion.

Hahnemann proved that tincture of Belladonna given in very small doses will protect from the infection of scarlet fever, and at one time Belladonnna leaves were held to be curative of cancer, when applied externally as a poultice, either fresh or dried and powdered.

Belladonna plasters are often applied, after a fall, to the injured or sprained part. A mixture of Belladonna plaster, Salicylic acid and Lead plaster is recommended as an application for corns and bunions.

---Preparations and Dosages---Powdered leaves, 1 to 2 grains. Powdered root, 1 to 5 grains. Fluid extract leaves, 1 to 3 drops. Fluid extract root, B.P., 1/4 to 1 drop. Tincture, B.P., 5 to 15 drops. Alkaloid Atropine, Alcoholic extract, B.P., 1/4 to 1 grain. Green extract, B.P., 1/4 to 1 grain. Juice, B.P., 5 to 15 drops. Liniment, B.P. Plaster, B.P. and U.S.P. Ointment, B.P.

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View Article  Kazakhstan
From THE NEW YORK TIMES ALMANAC 2004

 . . .
GEOGRAPHY

Location: central Asia.
Boundaries: Russian Federation to N and NE, China to SE, Kyrgystan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan to S, Caspian Sea to W.
Total area: 1,049,151 sq. mi. (2,717,300 sq km).
Coastline: 1,441 mi. (2,320 km) on Caspian Sea.
Comparative area: slightly less than four times the size of Texas.
Land use: 11% arable cropland; 1% permanent crops; 88% other.
Major cities: (1993 est.) Astana (capital) 300,000; Almaty (formerly Alma-Ata) 1,176,000; Karaganda 596,000.

 . . .
PEOPLE

Population: 16,763,795 (July 2003 est.).
Nationality: noun—Kazakhstani(s); adjective—Kazakhstani.
Ethnic groups: 53.4% Kazakh, 30% Russian, 3.7% Ukrainian, 2.5% Uzbek.
Languages: 64.4 Kazakh (state language); 95% Russian (official, used in everyday business).
Religions: 47% Muslim, 44% Russian Orthodox, 2% Protestant.

 . . .
GOVERNMENT

Type: republic.
Independence: Dec. 16, 1991 (from the Soviet Union).
Constitution: Jan 28, 1993.
National holiday: Day of the Republic, Oct. 25.
Heads of Government: Nursultan A. Nazarbaev, president (since Dec. 1991); Danial K. Akhmetov, prime minister (since June 13, 2003).
Structure: executive—president, prime minister, Council of Ministers; bicameral legislature; judicial.

 . . .
ECONOMY

Monetary unit: tenge.
Budget: (1999 est.)
income: $4.2 bil.;
expend.: $5.1 bil.
GDP: $105 bil., $6,300 per capita (2002 est.).
Chief crops: grains, cotton; wool, meat.
Natural resources: major deposits of petroleum, natural gas, coal, iron ore, manganese.
Major industries: oil, coal, iron ore, manganese.
Labor force: 8.4 mil. (1999); 30% industry, 20% agriculture; 8.8% unemployment (2002).
Exports: $10.2 bil. (f.o.b., 2002 est.); oil, ferrous and nonferrous metals, chemicals, grain, wool.
Imports: $9.6 bil. (f.o.b., 2002 est.); machinery and parts, industrial materials, oil and gas.
Major trading partners: exports: 20% Russia, 14% Bermuda,11% Italy;
imports: 45% Russia, 7% Germany, 5% U.S.

 . . .

Kazakhstan, the largest nation in central Asia, is a land of deserts and plateaus stretching across the rolling tablelands of the Eurasian landmass; approximately 20 percent is mountainous. The Kazakhs are descended from Mongol and Turkic tribes who settled in the area known as Kazakhstan about the 1st century B.C. In the sixth century A.D. the area formed part of the Turkish Khaganate, a loose federation of nomadic tribes, and in the seventh to ninth centuries Islam became established among the settled population. Although the Mongols ruled the area from 1219 to 1447, the Turkish subjects of the Mongol Horde were to play a decisive role in the future of the region.


In the 15th century, the Kazakhs emerged as a distinct people, but by the 17th century, due to internecine fighting, the Kazakhs split into three nomadic federations, known as the Larger, the Middle, and the Lesser Hordes. In the mid-17th century, the Mongols began to invade the region, and the Kazakhs, not being unified enough to repel them, sought protection from the Russians. By the mid-18th century, the Kazakh lands were completely under Russian control. With the freeing of serfs in 1861 in Russia, Kazakhstan experienced its first major influx of Russian and Ukrainian peasants, who were given Kazakh lands. Resentment over this grew until the Kazakhs rebelled against Russian rule in 1916. The Russians brutally repressed the uprising, but not before thousands of Kazakhs and many Russians were killed.


After the 1917 Communist revolution in Russia, a civil war ensued in Kazakhstan, from which the Bolsheviks emerged victorious. The Kazakh territory was incorporated into Russia in 1920, granted “autonomous” status in 1925, and in 1936 it formally became one of the U.S.S.R.'s union republics. Kazakhstan was industrialized, but it suffered enormously from the U.S.S.R.'s policies. In the 1930's, the traditionally nomadic Kazakh people were forcibly settled on collectivized farms, and more than a million died of starvation. In the 1950's, Khrushchev's failed “Virgin Lands” scheme and the Soviet government's repeated nuclear tests wreaked environmental havoc on Kazakhstan. As a result of years of Soviet economic development programs, the rate of Russian and Ukrainian immigration into Kazakhstan greatly increased. By 1979, 41 percent of Kazakhstan's population was Russian; 36 percent were native Kazakhs.


Under Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of glasnost, or openness, in the 1980's, the corrupt Communist party leader of Kazakhstan and Brezhnev crony Dinmukhamed Kunayev was deposed. He was ultimately replaced by Nursultan Nazarbayev, an ethnic Kazakh, who was elected in April 1990 to the new post of president.


Kazakhstan declared its independence in March 1991 and joined the Commonwealth of Independent States in December. It has pursued closer economic but not political ties with Russia and Belarus. The May 1995 customs union among the three was expanded in March 1996 to include coordination of agricultural and industrial policies and the establishment of joint transport, energy and information systems, with Kyrgystan added as a fourth member. Kazakhstan took part (April 1996) in a five-power non-agression treaty with Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan which was extended a year later to include reduction of military forces in border areas. The last remaining Soviet-era nuclear missle was detonated underground in May 1995 and the last ballistic missle silo was torn down in September 1996. In Feb. 1997 the supposedly tame legislature refused to ratify a Russian lease of four nuclear test sites in Kazakhstan.


Independent Kazakhstan's first presidential election was held in December 1991 with Nazarbayev the only candidate. An April 1995 referendum cancelled the 1996 election and extended Nazarbayev's term to 2000 with a gratifying 95 percent “yes” vote; and in August of the year 89 percent approved a new “strong president” constitution, making the president head of the Supreme Court and permitting him to dissolve parliament at will. Nazarbayev had already dissolved parliament in March 1995, a parliament in which his supporters held two-thirds of the seats, but whose pace of economic reform displeased him. He ruled by decree until new elections late in 1995 and early in 1996.


Kazakhstan's economic future looks bright because of its enormous untapped gas and oil reserves, perhaps 25 billion barrels. Several global corporations have negotiated development rights. In April 1996, Kazakhstan, Russia and Oman established a consortium with eight oil companies to build a 900-mile pipeline linking the Tengiz fields with Russia's Black Sea port of Novorossiyak. And in July of that year, the I.M.F. chipped in with a loan of $446 million.


In 1998 the capital was moved—ostensibly for security reasons—from Almaty to remote Akmola, which was renamed Astana, a word meaning “capital” in Kazakh. In July, Navarbayev signed a pact with Russia, settling the thorny question of dividing the northern Caspian Sea (with its petroleum riches). But with falling world oil prices, the Kazakh economy stalled, bringing Nazarbayev to call for presidential elections 18 months early, elections he not surprisingly won handily, this time with 80 percent of the votes, in January 1999.
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View Article  TURKS & UYGURS -

TURKS & UYGURS - PART I


 
 

 

 


  
Xia Dynasty 22-17th c. BC 1
2070-1600 BC 2
2207-1766 BC 3
Shang Dynasty 17 c.-1122 BC 1
1600-1046 BC 2
1765-1122 BC 3
Western Zhou 1134 - 771 BC 1
1046 - 771 BC 2
1121 - 771 BC 3
Eastern Zhou 770-256 BC
770-249 BC 3
Sping & Autumn 722-481 BC
770-476 BC 3
Warring States 403-221 BC
476-221 BC 3
Qin Statelet 900s?-221 BC
Qin Dynasty 221-206 BC
248-207 BC 3
Western Han 206 BC-23 AD
Xin (New) 9-23 AD
Western Han 23-25 AD
Eastern Han 25-220
Three Kingdoms Wei 220-265
Three Kingdoms Shu 221-263
Three Kingdoms Wu 222-280
Western Jinn 265-316
Eastern Jinn 317-420
16 Nations 304-420
Cheng Han Di 301-347
Hun Han (Zhao) Hun 304-329 ss
Anterior Liang Chinese 317-376
Posterior Zhao Jiehu 319-352 ss
Anterior Qin Di 351-394 ss
Anterior Yan Xianbei 337-370
Posterior Yan Xianbei 384-409
Posterior Qin Qiang 384-417 ss
Western Qin ss Xianbei 385-431
Posterior Liang Di 386-403
Southern Liang Xianbei 397-414
Northern Liang Hun 397-439
Southern Yan Xianbei 398-410
Western Liang Chinese 400-421
Hunnic Xia Hun 407-431 ss
Northern Yan Chinese 409-436
North Dynasties 386-581
Northern Wei 386-534
Eastern Wei 534-550
Western Wei 535-557
Northern Qi 550-577
Northern Zhou 557-581
South Dynasties 420-589
Liu Song 420-479
Southern Qi 479-502
Liang 502-557
Chen 557-589
Sui Dynasty 581-618
Tang Dynasty 618-690
Wu Zhou 690-705
Tang Dynasty 705-907
Five Dynasties 907-960
Posterior Liang 907-923
Posterior Tang 923-936
Posterior Jinn 936-946
Posterior Han 947-950
Posterior Zhou 951-960
10 Kingdoms 902-979
Wu 902-937 Nanking
Shu 907-925 Sichuan
Nan-Ping 907-963 Hubei
Wu-Yue 907-978 Zhejiang
Min 907-946 Fukien
Southern Han 907-971 Canton
Chu 927-956 Hunan
Later Shu 934-965 Sichuan
Southern Tang 937-975 Nanking
Northern Han 951-979 Shanxi
Khitan Liao 907-1125
Northern Song 960-1127
Southern Song 1127-1279
Western Xia 1032-1227
Jurchen Jin (Gold) 1115-1234
Mongol Yuan 1279-1368
Ming Dynasty 1368-1644
Manchu Qing 1644-1912
R.O.C. 1912-1949
R.O.C. Taiwan 1949-present
P.R.C. 1949-present


To expound the myth of Koreans and the Altaic-speaking people, most recent DNA analysis needs to be incorporated. Doctorate Li Hui from Fudan University of China had analyzed the DNA of Asians to derive a conclusion that the ancestors of Mongoloid Asians possessed a distinctive Mark M89 by the time they arrived in Southeast Asia. About 30,000 years ago, from the launching pad of Southeast Asia, the early Mongoloids went through a genetic mutation to Marker M122.
 
Li Hui, at http://web.wenxuecity.com/BBSView.php?SubID=memory&MsgID=56818, claimed that the early migrants to the Chinese continent took three routes via two entries of Yunnan and Guangxi-Guanngdong provinces. In the timeframe of about 10,000 years and developing a genetic mutation to marker M134, this branch of people who went direct north would penetrate the snowy Hengduan Mountains of Tibetan-Qinghai Plateau to arrive at the area next to the Yellow River bends. Owning to cold weather, big nose, heavy lips and long face developed among this group of people. Splitting out of this northbound migrants would be those who went to the east with a new genetic marker M117, i.e., ancestors of modern Han Chinese. Li Hui grouped the 3000-year-old Chu and Qi people in the same category as Han Chinese , albeit meeting the ancient classics records as to Qi statelet's lineage from the Qiangic-Tibetan Fiery Lord. The rest would develop into ancestors of today's Tibetans. This seems to corroborate with Scholar Luo Xianglin's claim that early Sino-Tibetan peoples originated from Mt Minshan and upperstream River Min-jiang areas of Sichuan-Gansu provincial borderline and then split into two groups, with one going north to reach Wei-shui River and upperstream Han-shui River of Shenxi Prov and then east to Shanxi Prov by crossing the Yellow River.
 
The second branch of early Mongoloids, about 10,000 years ago, entered China's southeastern coastline with genetic marker M119. Li Hui, claiming that same ancestry as the Dai-zu and Shui-zu minorities of Southwestern China, firmly believed that his ancestors had dwelled in Hangzhou Bay and Yangtze Delta for 7-8 thousand years. The people with M119 marker would be the historical "Hundred Yue Peoples". Li Hui then pointed out that the ancient Wu people, with M7 genetic marker, came to the lower Yangtze area about 3000 years ago. While Li Hui claimed that the M7 Wu people had split away from the northbound M134 Sino-Tibetan people, historical classics pointed out that Wu Statelet was established by two uncles of Zhou Dynasty King Wenwang, i.e., migrants from the Yellow River area.
 
The last interesting theory adopted by Li Hui would be still one more possible Mongoloid branch of people who, at about 20,000 years, continued to travel non-stop along the Chinese coastline to reach the Liao-he River area of Manchuria where they developed into Altaic-speaking peoples, i.e., ancestors of Huns, Turks and Mongols. This claim did corroborate with this webmaster's historical analysis of Huns, Turks and Mongols which yielded the conclusion that the Mongoloid had a pattern of raiding to the west, not the other way around by the Indo-Europeans. Today's Koreans, in the opinion of Li Hui, would be the mixtures of the early migrants to Manchuria and the later Dong-yi [Eastern Yi] migrants from Eastern China. This certainly dealt a blow to the Korean nationalists' claim of "Siberian origin". (See Assertions By Wang Zhonghan for clues as to the relationsip between Qiangic Proto-Tibetan and Altaic Proto-Hun activities: "the northern barbarians and western barbarians were similar [i.e., Qiangs] at Spring-Autumn time period, but by the time of late Warring States, Chinese began to see the northern barbarians as different from the western barbarians".)

 

 
The Turkish website said proudly that their ancestors comprised of Huns and the White Huns, and the Uygur nationalists had further provided two lineages of eastern and western Hunnic kings to support their claim of Hunnic heritage, in direct competition with the Mongols who celebrated the 2000th anniversary of first Hunnic empire in 1991. The Turks are a group of group no secondary to the Huns, and their influence would be felt in Ottoman Empire's conquest of the Byzantium and the Balkans as well as waves of raids into the Indus Valley.  Their history had been full of extraordinary events like slaves turning into rulers. Their linguistic flavor found entries in Finno-Ugric language. They pushed Islam to its apex. It is too broad a topic for me to cover them all in here.
 
In this section, I will concentrate on the Turkic origin and influence in China and Mongolia during their early developments. Turks had impacted the Chinese more than the Huns. During the Tang Dynasty, Pogu Huai'eng, an Uygur, had obtained a post as a general in the court. After the fall of Tang Dynasty (AD 619-907), three dynasties among the Five Dynasties of northern China, i.e., Posterior Tang 923-936, Posterior Jin 936-946, Posterior Han 947-950, were ruled by the Shatuo (Sha'to) Turks. (Sha'to Turks were a group of Western Turks who were first employed by the Tibetans as their herald armies, but they later defected to the Tang Chinese and were assigned the border posts in northern China to guard against other nomads and Khitans.) One more interesting thing would be the fact that the Uygur Turks had a long history of co-living with the Chinese. There is on record a big Uygur community around Yuan-shui River in today's Hunan Province, Central China. The famous writer, Jian Bozan, who committed suicide during the Cultural Revolution, happened to be an ethnic Uygur from Hunan Province.  
 
Who are those people called Turks then? They did not disappear as the Huns did. Today's Turkish people in Turkey are direct descendants of Osmanli Turks who belonged to the Oghuz confederations which have the origin in today's Mongolia. We had traced the original Huns to a group of people driven out of Hetao area, south of the Yellow River, by Qin (BC 221-206)  emperor Shi Huangdi (Shihuangdi).   Chinese history books invariably claimed that the Gaoche people, the Tiele Tribe (ancestors of Uygurs), Ruruans (Rou Ran or Ru Ru), and Turks were alternative races of the Huns. We would sort out their relationship below. There is one common feature among those ancient tribes, namely, they loved the nomadic way of life, they never settled down, and they preyed upon Chinese Turkistan and Northern China as an outsider force. In contrast, tribal states of Chinese Turkistan, i.e., Loulan (Rongjiang), Cheshi (Gaochang), Qiuci (Guqa or Kuqa), Yanqi, Yutian (Hotan or Khoten), Shule (Kashi), are recorded to have city-walls and cultivation.
 
Unlike the Huns, the Chinese of Former Han Dynasty did initiate quite some colonization efforts in Chinese Turkistan. The Uygur claim, at http://www.uygur.org/enorg/history/uygurlar_kim.htm, was not that correct in one of the assertions, namely, the Chinese never colonized Xinjiang or Chinese Turkistan. The Chinese, like the Huns and Turks, had been outside contenders. The Huns, after driving out the Yuezhi, did station some official in Chinese Turkistan. The Huns, according to Ban Gu, devised an official entitled 'Tongpu Duwei', similar to governor, and sent this person to the post in charge of ancient tribal states of Yanqi, Weixu and Weili, located to the southwest of today's Urumqi. Hunnic 'Rizhuowang' (king of sun chasing) was usually stationed in the 'west court', a place to the north of Altai, while Hunnic 'central court' was always in today's Outer Mongolia. In 121 BC, Han Emperor Wudi ordered a campaign against the Huns, with Huo Qubing and Gongsun Ao departing from northern border, while Li Guang and Zhang Qian from the Beijing area in the east. Huo attacked the Huns in and around Qilian Mountains, the ice and glacier of which fed the farming of the so-called Hexi Corridor (i.e., corridor to the west of the West Yellow River Bend). Hunnic King Hunye, for fear of punishment by Hunnic Chanyu, killed King Xiutu and surrendered his 40,000 people to Huo Qubing. Wudi relocated the Huns to five prefectures, Longxi (today's Weisui and Tiaohe Rivers, Gansu Prov), Beidi (today's northeastern Gansu Prov), Shangjun (today's northeastern Shenxi Prov), Shuofang (somewhere on north bank of the Northern Yellow River Bend), and Yunzhong (today's Tuoketuo County, Inner Mongolia). Wudi further set up Wuwei and Qiuquan Commandaries in the old territories of King Hunye. In 102 BC, Zhangye and Dunhuang Commandaries were set up along the corridor. Civilians were relocated to guard the posts along with the army. After General Li Guangli campaigned against the ancient state of Dawan (Fergana) in Central Asia, more posts were set up on the Silk Road. From Dunhuang to the Qinhaihu Lake, hundreds of 'farming soldiers' were stationed. By the time of Emperor Xuandi (reign 73-48 BC), south of Tianshan Mountains was firmly under Han Chinese control. Hunnic 'Rizhuowang' (king of sun chasing) offended Hunnic Chanyu, and he defected to Han China, yielding to Chinese the Hunnic control of the northern part of Chinese Turkistan. By 62 BC, north of Tianshan Mountains was controlled by Chinese as well. Colonization went as far as the ancient state of Sha'che. This post was responsible for reporting on the situations in such states as Kangju (Kang-chu) and Wu'sun (Ili). During the reign of Emperor Yuandi, 48-32 BC, another group of Huns surrendered to Chinese, and colonization reached Che'shi.  
 
The Uygurs and the Mongols, however, could be both right or both wrong in their assertion in regards to the Hunnic ancestry.  The Uygur claim could be built on basis of their ancestor Huihe's membership in the Tiele Tribes, a group of people sanwiched between the Huns/Turks and the original dwellers of Xinjiang or Chinese Turkistan. (Uygurs claimed they descended from 'Chunwei', the son of Jie, last Xia Dynasty lord.) The Mongolian claim could be built on basis of the nomadic tribal groups which never left the Mongolian plateau. Western history books tried in vain to make a distinction, and they said that the Genghis Mongols were descendants of the Ruruans. The Ruruans, however, were more Hunnic than Mongol as we would explore in this section and had explored in the section on the Huns. The 'Mongol' claim for Ruruans could be built on basis of one comment in History Of Toba Wei Dynasty, namely, the founder of Ruruan people might have origin in Eastern Hu nomads, a group more associated with the Tungusic people of Manchuria and eastern Mongolia. My research into various records, however, shows that the Ruruans were more Hunnic than anything else after relocating to the west. After the Ruruan founder fled to the Altai Mountains, he conquered and absorbed remnant Hunnic and Gaoche tribes there. To provide as detailed descriptions as possible, I had traced the Huns and Turks according to the specific naming as recorded in history, rather than generic naming. I traced the ending of the Eastern Huns to their relocation to Hebei Province by the Tuoba in AD 523 and that of the western Huns to Attila and his warfare in Europe in AD 433-453. The third group of Huns, Ruruan, and their relationship with Nie-ban (Nirvana) Huns, would be touched upon below and in Huns section.

 
The Turks did not come about till they, employed as a group of iron miners in the Altai Mountains, rebelled against the Ruruans in AD 546-553.  We need to make a distinction here between the words of 'Turk', 'Turkic' and 'Turkish'. The word 'Turk' would denote the group of people as recorded in the middle 6th century. The word 'Turkic' means more a language that was spoken by the Euroasian nomads, and the earlier Huns were said to be Turkic as well. The word 'Turkish', however, would denote specifically the people and the language in today's Turkey, i.e., Anatolia. Western history books classify the Ruruans as 'Mongolian', but the term 'Mongolian' was a much later concept. The term 'Mongolian' did not appear till Khubilai endorced it in the 14th century, supposedly on basis of the word 'Mengwu Shiwei'.  Conventional history would make such a distinction between the Turkic and Mongolian ethnicity. Here, I will refer to the Ruruans as 'Hunnic' versus their Turkic adversaries for clarification's sake.  The Ruruans are said to be the successors to the Huns, and this group of people had also been responsible for pressuring the so-called 'Huns' into migrations towards Europe as well as cracking down on the eastern Huns in collaboration with the Tuoba. The Ruruans, as we detailed in the Hun section, were more Hunnic than those they chased away towards Europe. The two groups, Ruruans and Turks, were hostile towards each other. Numerous records point to the Turks' chasing the Ruruan khan to the Western Wei Dynasty (AD 535-557)  as well as chased other Ruruan royal family members to the Hephthalite Empire of the White Huns (Ye-tai). Ruruans had inter-marriage with both Western Wei and the Ye-tai.  In AD 553-68, the Turks and Sassanians in today's Iran allied in destroying the Hephthalite Empire of White Huns [Ye-tai]. 
 

Turkic Language
 
Unlike other earlier nomads who left no records of written language, the Turks possessed the so-called Orkhon inscriptions (a Kok Turk invention related to Eastern Khate around AD 682) in a runic-like script, and this script was deciphered back in 1896.  There was some element of Chinese language among the early Orkhon scripts, though.  Note Han Dynasty Chinese had no problem communicating with the Huns who were speculated to be Turkic-speaking as well. The forms of the lost languages of the Khitans, Tanguts and Jurchens, like the Korean writing, had all appeared to be some kind of revision on top of Chinese pictographs.  Among the Turks, the Uygurs were great language masters, and adopted their own script which became known as the Uygur script.  They helped Chingiz Khan's Mongols in devising the written Mongol language in early 13th century.  The Uygur script indirectly influened the Manchus when the latter adopted the Mongolian script in 1599.  (The Manchus first used Khitan's Siniform script and finally adopted Chinese logographic characters.)     Turkic language is one of the three language branches in the Altaic language family, namley, Turkic, Mongolian and Tunguzic.  My suspicion is that the branches did not distinguish themselves till much later, and the three language branch designations were the products of linguists of 20th century any way.  When you look at the photos of ruins of Karakorum, near the Orkhon River, southwest of Ulaanbaatar as well as few slates of tomb stones on the desolate Gobi, the impression will be all yours to imagine who the successive dwellers had been on that land.  The control of the area of Mongolia had passed from the Turks to the Uygurs, then to the Kyrgyz. (The Kyrgyz were said to be the last Turkic people to have resided in Mongolia, but in the section on Mongols, we had listed quite a few groups of peoples who appeared to be more Turkic than the later Mongols.)
 
A simple comparison of some words in later Mongolian language yields the following interesting points: The word for the Mongolinas, Mongqol irgen, is the same word 'irgen' as used in ancient Chinese pronunciation which could be corrobated by the Cantonese pronunciation of 'irgen' and Japanese pronuncitation of 'nin' or 'dgen'. Still more interesting is the fact that Genghis Khan's name, Timuchin, shared the same prefix as some of his brothers and sister, with Ti meaning nothing more than a Chinese word 'Tie' for iron or smith. JOHANN WILHELM ADOLF KIRCHHOFF (1826-1908) mentioned two Kara-Kirghiz groups, i.e., "the On or "Right" in the east, with seven branches (Bogu, Sary-Bagishch, Son-Bagishch, Sultu or Solye, Cherik, Sayak, Bassinz), and the Sol or "Left" in the west, with four branches (Kokche or Kfichy, Soru, Mundus, Kitai or Kintai)". As stated at http://57.1911encyclopedia.org/K/KI/KIRGHIZ.htm, the "Sol section occupies the region between the Talass and Oxus headstreams in Ferghana (Khokand) and Bokhara, ... The On section lies on both sides of the Tian-shan, about Lake Issyk-kul, and in the Chu, Tekes and Narin (upper Jaxartes) valleys." Once again, ancient Chinese words, like right for 'you' (mutated into 'on') and left for 'zuo' (mutated into 'sol'), were adopted by nomadic tribes on the steppe. Note that the Huns used to designate their officials into rightside and leftside virtuous kings, similar to Qin Principality's adoption of rightside and leftside prime ministers. Isenbike Togan of Middle East Technical University stated that "written Chinese is also a system of signs... Central Asian people who were not Chinese used this system at some time in the past, including the Turks." Isenbike Togan concluded that the Turkish word for 'freezing' came from Chinese word 'dong[4]'. Reader jianx mentioned that "...many words have similar sound and meaning as chinese -- the madarin... A few examples: Chinese: Bo2: father's brother --> turkish: Bey: same meaning( more general); Wa(1)Di(4): low land --> Vadi: valley; Shui(3): water --> Sui: water; Jie(2): sister --> ajia: female relative, sister. ...Turkish people have chinese last names. For example, Turkish 'Tan' is obviously a chinese last name. In turkish, it means 'sunrise', which is nearly identical to 'Dan(4)' in chinese --- the Zhou Dynasty's famous Zhou(1)Gong(1) Dan(4) --- you should know it means that the sun is rising over the horizon."
 
As to Turkic language, there had existed a much earlier version of language than the Orkhon script. There is on record a poem written by the wife of a Chinese officer under the Di[1] people's Anterior Qin Dynasty (AD 351-394), and it was said that this love poem was sent to her husband who was exiled to the border post in China's silk road. The points to make here is that it was written in so-called 'Hui' language, namely, a terminology that was to be used for denoting Turkic language later. Hui means something self-looping or percolating, in a similar fashion to the Iranian languages. (Today's Chinese designated Muslims as 'Hui Ren' and Islam as 'Hui Jiao'.) The poem, woven on silk clothing, could be read from right to left and from left to right. Both the earlier 'Hui Wen' and later Orkhon script must have been impacted by more than Chinese. Iranian languages had been found in the same area. Excavated in areas rear Turfan would be manuscripts in Bactrian, the ancient language of Bactria in northern Afghanistan. Kushan ruler Kanishka, who was of Yuezhi origin, adopted Bactrian as the language of his coinage. After the collapse of the Kushan empire, Bactrian language continued in use till the ninth-century, as evidenced by inscriptions from the Tochi valley in Pakistan and the remnants of Buddhist and Manichean manuscripts found in the Turfan oasis.
 
In the following, I will tentatively explore the origin of Uygurs, Turks and their history. 
 
 
Origin Of Turks & The Uygur Turks
 
Nationalist Uygurs, at http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/1730/buh.html, stated that "after 210 B.C., the Uygurs played important roles in the Hun (220 B.C. - 386 A.D.), Tabgach (To'pa) (386-554 A.D.), and Kok Turk (552-744 A.D.) empires which were established in Central Asia".   This statement would be erroneous in its lumping together different groups of peoples. 
 
The Turks, specifically called Tujüe or Tujue (Turks) at the time of North Dynasties (AD 386-581) and Sui/Tang Dynasties, asserted themselves in late time period of Toba Northern Wei Dynasty (A.D. 386-533). Toba Wei split into Eastern and Western Wei Dynasties in AD 534. The Turks rebelled against the Ruruans in AD 546-553. However, there were earlier references to Turkic tents in the 4th and 5th centuries, respectively.  Below, I will cite a few records in Chinese history. Among the following sayings, personally, I am more inclined to believe that the ancestors of Turks might be related to the 500 families who fled to the Altai Mountains after Toba Wei Emperor Daowudi (Toba Gui, reign 386-409) defeated the Hunnic Statelet of Juqu in today's Gansu Province.
 
In China, 16 Nations (AD 304-420) were comprised of various nomadic groups of people: Huns, Jiehu, Xianbei (including Wuhuan & Toba), Qiang, & Di. Ultimately, the Toba (Tuoba), who were of Xianbei heritage, took over northern China. Leftover Huns were absorbed by Ruruan, and Ruruan were defeated and exterminated by Turks. Toba would deal with the onslaughts by the Ruruans first and then the Turks. Toba got sinicized in northern China. Ultimately, Toba Wei Dynasty would be usurped by two generals of Xianbei heritage. Northern Qi and Northern Zhou replaced the two Toba dynasties. Sui China would be built on Northern Zhou Dynasty of Yuwen clan.
 
The origin of the Turk was interesting as well as the name of it. Tang Dynasty writer, Li Yanshou, in his book History Of The Northern Dynasties, wrote that the Turks were alternative Huns whose ancestors had originally dwelled to the right side of the Xihai (West Sea), i.e., Qinghaihu Lake of Qinghai Prov. According to Chinese records, the ancestor of the Turks came from a boy whose arms were cut off and whose ankles were also deliberately disabled by the tribal feuds. This boy was from the background of mixed Hu nomads in today's Gansu-Qinhai areas. History Of The Northern Dynasties said that the Turkic clan to which the boy belonged dwelled to the west side of Xi Hai. (Xi Hai was also the name for the Mediterranean). A wolf would be responsibile for saving the life of the boy. When the enemies found out about the boy, they killed the boy. However, the pregnant wolf fled to the mountains near ancient Gaochang Statelet (Turpan) and she gave birth to 10 children who ultimately became the ancestors of later Turks, i.e., Ten Turkic Family Names. The ten Turks used their wives' family name as their respective clan name. Ashina was one of the ten names.
 
Li Yanshou also recorded another theory, namely, the ancestors of the Turks were the mixed Ashina Hu nomads in Pingzhou and Liangzhou areas. About 500 households of them fled to the Ruruan for protection, dwelled to the south of the Altai Mountains, and became the iron slaves of the Ruruans, at the time when Toba Wei Emperor Daowudi (reign 386-409) defeated the Hunnic Statelet of Juqu's Northern Liang in today's Gansu Province. The name of "turk" was in fact something denoting some cloth cover on the head, said to be of the same shape as the Altai mountains in today's Western China. Li Yanshou also said that the Turks could have their origin from a statelet called Suoguo which was to the north of the Huns. The Hunnic tribal chieftan, i.e., A'pangbu, possessed 70 brothers, with one of them born with a wolf. Brother Nishidu would revive the tribe after it was conquered by neighbors. Nishidu had four sons, with one son leading the Qigu statelet, and the elder son living on Mount Ba-si-chu-zhe-shi-shan. This elder son was made into the chieftan, and he bore ten sons, with the youngest named Ashina. Ashina was later selected as the chieftan because he could jump the highest against the tree. Ashina had one of his descendant by the name of Tumen (Bumin). In AD 545, a Western Toba Wei emissary visited Tumen. Tumen was delighted at the visit by grandiose Chinese emissary and thought this visit might for sure bring along luck to him. Tumin sent in tributes to Toba Wei Dynasty the second year.
 
From the standpoint of one Chinese historian writer (Cai Dongfan), the Turks are a so-called "bie zhong" of the Huns, namely, "alternative race" or "different race" if translated literally.   The Turks became a strong power after they, under Tumen, defeated the 'Tiele Tribe' and absorbed about 50,000 households in AD 546. Juqu's Northern Liang connection is the most credible explanation, in my opinion.

 
 
Early Turkic History
 
Turks, thinking that they helped in rearing the Tiele Tribes on behalf of the Ruruans, proposed a marriage with the princess of the Ruruans. Ruruans declined their request. Hence, Turks sought for marriage with Toba's Western Wei Dynasty. In the 17th year of Western Wei's Datong era, i.e., AD 551, Turkic Khan Tumen (Bumin) obtained Toba Princess Changle as a bride. When Western Wei Emperor Wendi died, Tumen sent in 200 horses as condolences. In the first year of Western Wei Emperor Feidi, Tumen defeated the Ruruans, causing Ruruan Khan commit suicide and Ruruan Khan's son flee to Northern Qi Dynasty. Tumen declared himself Khan Yili and gave his wife the title of Ke-hedun or Kedun (similar to Hunnic title of Yanzhi for queen). Tumen's son, named Keluo, was Khan Yixiji. Khan Yixiji would defeat Ruruan Khan's brother (Dengshuzi). Yixiji's brother, Sijin (Sinjibu?), aka Yandu, would succeed Khan Yixiji as Khan Muchu. Sijin was recorded to be red-faced and possess liuli [brown] eyes, and he would defeat Dengshuzi at Mount Beilaishan and drive Dengshuzi into Northern Zhou territories for asylum. (Dengshuzi and his 3000 followers would later be handed over to the Turks for execution by Northern Zhou.)
 
Sijin would now defeat the Ye-tai in the west, the Khitans in the east, and Qigu in the north. Hence, the Turks controlled the vast territories extending from Chinese Turkistan to Manchuria. Turks were recorded to have about 28 levels of officials, including Yehu, She(4), Teqin, Silifa, Tudunfa etc. They had the same custom as the Scandinavian pirates in that they would burn the dead body of their chieftan together with the belongings like horses and clothes. Tents were always opened towards the east where the sun rose.
 
In the third year of Northern Zhou Emperor Wendi (?), the Turks defeated the Tuyuhun in today's Qinghai-Gansu area. Sijin had once wavered, in face of gifts from two Chinese states, several times, in marrying over his daughter to either Northern Qi or Northern Zhou, and he finally settled down on intermarriage with Northern Zhou. In AD 561, i.e., the first year of Baoding Era (Northern Zhou Emperor Wudi), the Turks under Sijin (Khan Muchu), with 100,000 strong army, joined Northern Zhou's Duke Sui (Yang Zhong) in attacking Northern Qi. Turks reached ancient Bingzhou Prefecture (northern Shanxi Prov). Turks requested for a second attack on Northern Qi. Sijin yielded his post to his brother at death bed. Sijin's brother, i.e., Tabo [Tuobo] Khan, would make Shetu as Khan E'fu in charge of the east and a brother (Khan Rudan) as Khan Buli in charge of the west. Tabo Khan would play Northern Zhou and Northern Qi for tributes and treated the two Chinese statelet rulers as stepsons. A Northern Qi monk called Huilin would convert Tabo to Buddhism. After Northern Zhou destroyed Northern Qi, Tabo Khan would welcome a Northern Qi prince called Gao Baoyi (King of Fanyang) and make him the nominal new emperor of Northern Qi. In AD 578, the first year of Xuanzheng Era of Northern Zhou Emperor Wudi, Tabo attacked Beijing and killed a Northern Zhou general called Liu Xiong. Khan Tabo raided Jiuquan of Gansu Prov thereafter; meantime, Yutian [Khotan], Persia and Ye-tai rebelled against the Turks in the west. Northern Zhou Emperor Wudi would promise to send Princess Qianjin to Tabo Khan for reconciliation. Khan Tabo raided Bingzhou and stopped raiding when Princess Qianjin was delivered. Tabo would expell Gao Baoyi to Northern Zhou years later after reaching a deal with Northern Zhou. At the death of Tabo Khan, Tabo Khan asked his son to yield the throne back to his second brother's son. The elder brother's son, Shabolüe, refused to acknowledge the new khan. Hence, Turks would possess four different khans.
 
After Sui Dynasty replaced Northern Zhou in AD 581, Shabolüe's wife, i.e., Princess Qianjin, would pursuade Turks into avenging on the Sui Dynasty. Defeated by Sui, Shabolüe Khan would blame Khan Ah'bo and henced attacked and killed the mother of Ah'bo. Ah'bo fled to the west for asylum with Datou (Tardu) Khan. The Turkic Khans attacked each other. Hence, Sui sent an official called Yu Qingzhe and pursuaded Shabolüe into seeking vasslage with Sui. Shabolue gave his sister to Yu Qingzhe as an appreciation of the peace efforts. When attacked by Turks from the west and the Khitans from the east, Shabolüe Khan was allowed to relocate to the south of the desert and Sui Dynasty acknowledged him as a minister instead of a vassal. Sui Emperor Wendi conferred the family name of Yang on Princess Qianjin and renamed her to Princess Dayi. After the death of Khan Shabolüe, Sui Emperor Wendi mourned for three days. Khan Shabolüe's brother, Shetu (Khan E'fu), was in charge of the east. Shetu asked his son to see another Shabolüe brother called Chuluo-hou and made Chuluo-hou the new khan. Chuluo-hou attacked Turks in the west by demonstrating the flags conferred by by Sui and he captured Khan Ah'bo. After Chuluo-hou died of an arrow wound, Shetu's son, Yongyulu, was made into Khan Duolan. When Sui Emperor sent over the screens of deposed Southern Chinese Dynasty of Chen to Prince Dayi, Prince Dayi thought about revenge again and she contacted a Western Turkic Khan for assistance. Shaobolue's son, Tuli Khan, was in charge of the north. Sui Dynasty asked Tuli Khan to advise Khan Duolan in killing Princess Dayi before Tuli Khan could marry Princess Anyi of Sui Dynasty. Sui Emperor played a trick in bestowing a lot of gifts on Tuli Khan, hence angering the Arch Turkic Khan Duolan into a rivalry against Tuli Khan. Khan Duolan once killed all brothers and children of Khan Tuli. After the death of Princess Anyi, Tuli Khan (Rangan) would marry with Princess Yicheng of Sui Dynasty. Tuli Khan would be entitled Qiren Khan (Qimin Khan) and was allowed to stay south of the Yellow River, at Xia-zhou and Shen-zhou prefectures. Similar to Han Emperor Wudi, Sui Emperor Wendi dispatched multiple columns of armies against the rivalry Turks, several times, deep into northwestern territories. Khan Duolan was killed by his own people. Datou would proclaim himself Khan Bujia and fought wars with both Sui and Khan Tuli. In the first year of Rensou Era, Yang Su was conferred the post of Grand Marshal of Yunzhou and led Khan Qiren Khan to fight the Turks under Nili Khan. Khan Bujia fled to Tuyuhun. Khan Qiren took over the people of both Nili Khan and Bujia Khan. While Sui Dynasty was attacking the Turks, the Tiele Tribes joined in and defeated the Turks in the northwest. Sui armies, joined by Qimin Khan, would quell the rivalry Turks. In AD 607, the third year of Daye Era of Sui Emperor Yangdi, Qimin Khan and Princess Yicheng came to pay respect to Emperor Yangdi and offered 3000 horses when Yangdi arrived at Yulin, Shenxi, in the Hetao area. When Khan Qiren died, Sui Emperor mourned for three days. Khan Qiren's son, Tujieli, would succeed as Khan Shibi. During the 11th year of Sui Emperor's reign, Khan Shibi came to Sui capital. Later, Khan Shibi attacked Sui emperor at Yanmenguan Pass. Duke of Tang, Li Yuan, defeated the Shibi Turks at Mayi. When Sui was in upheaval, Shibi Khan welcomed Sui Emepress Xiaohou. Chinese fled to Turks in hordes for avoiding civil wars, and Turks became powerful while Tang China was weak after emerging from the civil wars after the demise of Sui Dynasty.
 
In the west, the Turks was led by the son of Muchu Khan. When conflicting with Khan Shabolue, Western Turks set up two courts, one in ancient Shi-guo Statelet and the other in ancient Qiuci (Chouci) Statelet. Chouci, Tiele and Yiwu etc were all subject to Western Turks. After Chuluo-hou captured the western Turkic khan, Nili Khan would be enthroned. Nili Khan's son would be Chuluo Khan who resided in the old Wusun territory, i.e., today's Ili. By AD 605, the western Turks were in constant fights with the Tiele Tribes. Sui Dynasty sent a minister called Fei Ju to pursuade Western Turkic Khan Chuluo to seek vassalage with Sui. Khan Chuluo's mother, named Lady Xiang, was a Chinese who was living in Sui capital at the time. Sui tried to have Chuluo Khan attack Tuyuhun using the pretext that Chuluo could safely come to Sui capital to see his mother should Tuyuhun be cleared in the midway. Since Khan Chuluo refused to pay respect to Sui Emperor Yangdi in person, Yangdi would adopt Fei Ju's advice in supporting the grandson of Tardu (Datou) to have Chuluo replaced. Chuluo Khan fled to Gaochang Statelet and he later was pursuaded into surrender by his mother, Lady Xiang. Chuluo Khan later followed Yangdi in the Korean Expedition and was entitled Hesana Khan. Princess Xingyi was married to Khan Chuluo. When Sui Emperor Yangdi was killed by palace corp in Yangzhou, Chuluo Khan fled back to the Sui capital, but he was killed by Turks from the north.
 
When Tang Dynasty's founder, Li Yuan, rebelled against Sui Dynasty, he would sent his minister (Liu Wenjing) to the Eastern Turks (ruled by Khan Shibi) for borrowing 2000 horses and 500 cavalry. At this time, Khan Shibi subjugated Tuyuhun in Gansu-Qinghai, Gaochang near Turpan, Khitans and Shiwei in northwestern Manchuria and eastern Mongolia. Khan Shibi intervened in China's civil wars and assisted Li Yuan's rivals, such as Liu Wuzhou & Liang Shidu. After the death of Khan Shibi, his brother, Chuluo Khan (same name as Chuluo Khan during Sui Dynasty time period), would be enthroned. Chuluo Khan assisted another Tang rival, Wang Shichong. Later, Chuluo Khan retrieved ex-Sui Empress Xiao and ex-Sui royal family from still another Tang rival called Dou Jiande. Chuluo Khan erected an ex-Sui royal member as the new Sui King. Chuluo Khan was determined to fight Tang on behalf of dethroned Sui Dynasty, saying that he wanted to return favor to Sui for Sui's helping his ancestors in the restoration of the Turkic khanate. Later, Chuluo Khan died and his brother, Khan Xieli, would be enthroned.
 
Khan Xieli was disuaded from an alliance with another Tang rival called Xue Ju. Khan Xieli would erect his cousin, i.e., Shibi Khan's son, as Khan Tuli (same name as Tuli during Sui Dynasty time period) in the east, and Tuli would take charge of the ancient tribes of Khitans and Mojie (ancestors of Jurchens) people. Khan Xieli would take over Princess Yicheng as his wife. Princess Yicheng's brother (Yang Sanjing) and Wang Shichong's emissary would somehow pursuade Khan Xieli into challenging Tang Dynasty on behalf of dethroned Sui. In AD 621, Khan Xieli invaded Yanmenguan Pass and Dai Prefecture. For several years, Tang and Turks fought numerous battles across the northern border areas. By the 7th year of Tang Emperor Gaozu, in AD 626, Li Shimin or Li Shih-min (i.e., King Qin of Tang Dynasty and later Tang Emperor Taizong or Tai-tsung, AD 597-649), would sow a dissension among Xieli Khan and Tuli Khan. Unable to call upon Tuli to fight Tang further, Xieli Khan sent Tuli Khan and Simo to Tang for sake a peace treaty with Tang. Tuli Khan and King Qin promised to be brothers, while Tang Emperor Gaozu said to Simo that he felt he had seen Khan Xieli by meeting with Simo. In the following two years, Tang was busy building ships around the North Bend of the Yellow River for defence against Turks, while Turks broke the peace and kept attacking Tang. In AD 627, Tang Emperor Taizong got enthroned after staging "Xuan Wu Men Coup D'etat" during which he killed two brothers and forced Emperor Gaozu into abdication. This year, Tiele Tribes, including Xueyantuo, Huihe and Bayegu, rebelled against the Turks. Khan Xieli accused Khan Tuli of failing to quell the Tiele rebellion. Being attacked by Khan Xieli, Khan Tuli requested for help with Tang Emperor Taizong in AD 628. The next year, Xueyantuo proclaimed themselves as a khan and sought allianace with Tang. In the fourth year, AD 630, Tang ordered General Li Jing on a full campaign against Khan Xieli and captured Khan Xieli. Further details of Turkic history will be covered in Eastern Khnanate and Western Khnanate.
View Article  Chinese Animation Market:

Chinese Animation Market: Monkey King vs. Mickey Mouse

By staff reporter QIAO TIANBI

THE First China International Animation Festival and Exposition was held in Hangzhou, capital of Zhejiang Province from the 1st to the 5th of June this year. One of Disney’s most popular cartoons, Mulan, was adapted from an old Chinese folk story, and hauled in more than US$ 300 million at the box office. Spurred on by such success, Disney followed it up with the sequel, Mulan II, released in 2004. Mulan was fortunate, in that of the thousands of Chinese folk tales, it was selected by one of the world’s largest moviemakers.


Japanese and South Korean animators currently dominate the Chinese market.

However, GoGo Top, the first weekly Chinese animation magazine, carried out a survey in 2004, showing that of Chinese youngsters’ top 20 favorite cartoon characters, only one, the Monkey King, is Chinese. This survey rattled some Chinese cartoonists, as the animation industry is set to reap some US$ 60 billion in China this year and will enter a golden period in the next three to five years.

China, with its 370 million children, is considered one of the world’s largest animation markets. The Quatech Market Research Company surveyed youngsters aged between 14 to 30 in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou, and found that they spend over RMB 1.3 billion (about US $160 million) on cartoons every year, but that more than 80 percent of the revenue flows straight out of the country. During the 1980s and 1990s, China formed the largest production base for European, American and Japanese animation companies, due to the country’s low labor costs and high quality artists. Many famed cartoons and animated films were produced in China. Later, however, production costs dropped in other countries, and the global animators packed their bags and left. At the time, China hadn’t formed a significant animation industry of its own.

To stimulate the industry in China, the State Administration of Radio, Film and Television (SARFT) issued a new policy in April 2004 that aimed to separate animation production from screening business, and encouraged multiple ownership businesses to get involved in animation development and operation. The year 2004 was set as the country’s Animation Year, and the industry generated revenue amounting RMB tens of millions.


Cartoons and Cosplay are popular among Chinese youngsters.

However, animation production and TV alone can’t maximize the industry’s profits. In other countries, most of the industry’s revenue comes from the sale of related merchandise or multimedia products. “We need to put more effort into developing all sides of the industry,” says Jin Guoping, director of Shanghai Animation Film Studio. In 1999, the Studio spent RMB 21 million (about US$ 2.54) on producing Lotus Lantern. The animated film earned a box office income of more than RMB 20 million, but failed to capitalize on any related products. The same film studio shot a cartoon series Crazy for the Song in 2001, and although two-thirds of its profits came from selling related merchandise, it lags far behind compared with foreign animation companies. The American cartoon Transformers was broadcast free on Chinese TV, but subsequent profits from toy sales amounted RMB 5 billion.

Story-Telling Skills Needs Improvement

Studies show that among Chinese youngsters, 60 percent prefer Japanese cartoons, 29 percent prefer Americans, and just 11 percent favor those made by Chinese mainland, Taiwan or Hong Kong animators. Mr. Jin says Chinese cartoons simply do not appeal to Chinese youngsters, as although many of them are made for children under the age of 14, the majority of them are intended to educate rather than entertain.

Chinese kids seem to relate better to Japanese cartoons, because they provide a vivid reflection of the instincts and problems that children have. They also promote friendship, love and ambition. Chinese cartoon characters, on the other hand, are rigid and lack the sense of fun and innocence that children hold so dear. “Chinese cartoonists are as good as Japanese ones, if not better,” commented famous Japanese cartoonist Chiba Tetsuya. “But a good cartoon requires not only good drawings, but also an interesting plot. Chinese cartoonists need to spend more time on creating adventure story lines and on upgrading their story telling skills.”

View Article  Red Meat, Pork Boost Deadly Cancer

5. Study: Red Meat, Pork Boost Deadly Cancer

A diet high in red or processed meats can raise your risk of deadly pancreatic cancer by almost 70 percent, according to a major new study from the National Cancer Institute.

And the reason, say NCI scientists, is not the high level of saturated fat that is found in these meats but the charcoal grilling and broiling used to cook them - plus the nitrate-based meat preservatives in many of them.

The study shows that people who ate the most processed meats, such as sausage and luncheon meat, had a 68 percent higher risk of pancreatic cancer compared with those who ate the least.

And those who ate the most pork and red meat had a 50 percent higher risk of pancreatic cancer compared with those who ate the least.

The results appear in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

Previous studies have suggested that dietary factors like meat, dairy products, and egg consumption may increase the risk of developing pancreatic cancer; but so far the results of other studies have been mixed.

The NCI researchers followed the eating habits of over 180,000 people over the course of seven years and related them to the 482 cases of pancreatic cancer that developed.

Here are the key findings:

  • An average of 41 cases of pancreatic cancer were diagnosed per 100,000 people each year among those who ate the most processed meat, compared with 20 cases among those who ate the least.
  • People who ate the highest levels of pork or red meat had a 50 percent higher risk of pancreatic cancer than those who ate the least.
  • There was no significant link between the amount of poultry, fish, dairy products, eggs, total fat, saturated fat, or cholesterol in diet and risk of pancreatic cancer.
  • Because fat appears to be unrelated to pancreatic cancer risk, researchers believe substances resulting from meat preparation techniques and preservatives may be responsible for the increased risk.

Other risk factors for pancreatic cancer include smoking, family history, diabetes, being male, and increased age.

Pancreatic cancer remains one the most deadly of all types of cancer because it is usually diagnosed in its late stages.

Almost 32,000 Americans were diagnosed with it last year - and most will die from it. 

Less that 5 percent will survive more than five years after getting the diagnosis.

Editor's Note:

  • Cancer Is Preventable - natural supplements can beat this deadly disease. Learn More.
View Article  cerralvo isla
Description
This uninhabited, privately owned island is located off the east coast of Baja in the Sea of Cortez. It is approximately 60 miles east of the city of La Paz.

Cerralvo Island is 16 miles long, with an area of approximately 35,000 acres (14,000 hectares). Like most of the Baja peninsula it consists of arid desert vegetation and habitat. The landscape features a mountainous ridgeline and peaks with altitudes of up to 2100 ft. The ridgeline runs north-south, with streams draining east to west to coves and beaches along the Sea of Cortez and the Cerralvo Channel. The ridgeline runs closer to the east shore, with high bluffs and steep cliffs overlooking the Sea of Cortez. The west coast consists of intermittent headlands, with westerly draining streams flowing into beaches and sandy points.

Cerralvo Island Big Game Fishing
Cerralvo Island is surrounded by abundant sea life. The sea drops off to 300 fathoms within a mile on the channel side and down to 800 fathoms off the east side, provide the necessary ocean currents and the sea habitat for big-game fishing.

Cerralvo Island Big Game Fishing

The Sea of Cortez is renown for its big game fishing. The waters around Cerralvo Island are rich with Golden Grouper, Broadbill Swordfish, Marlin, Sailfish, and other big game fish. To the north of the island is a vast area of coral reef suited for diving. The clear waters provide extraordinary visibility of up to 30 meters.

Virtually all of the big game fish that migrate into the Sea of Cortez swim past Cerralvo Island. The ocean teems with life. Most of the traffic, sea-life and otherwise, travels through the Cerralvo Channel on its journey up and down the Sea of Cortez.

Cerralvo Island is surely an angler's dream. Nature lovers delight in the beautiful and breathtaking views surrounding the region.

Cerralvo Island Development Potential

With one of the best, most consistent climates in the world, development of an exclusive eco resort would appeal to eco tourists from around the world.

The natural landform of Cerralvo Island should allow for development of an exclusive eco resort offering watersports, sailing, fishing, diving, and beaches. Cerralvo Island is so extensive that it could accommodate several cabanas. A slope analysis was performed to identify the natural areas with relatively steep slopes and those with gentler slopes that will allow eco development. The southerly portion of the island offers the most potential, and is in area approximately the size of La Paz.

Development of Cerralvo Island will require installation of a power generating plant, a desalination plant for drinking water, and a sewage treatment facility for reclamation and re-use of treated effluent for irrigation of greenbelts. Solar energy should also be a consideration in the development of Cerralvo Island. In addition, there is the possibility of using deep water temperature difference to supplement the generation of electricity. The island is blessed with continuous spring-time climate, balmy nights and gentle breezes.
Additional Pictures
Disclaimer: All information deemed reliable but not guaranteed and should be independently verified. All properties are subject to prior sale, change or withdrawal. Sidne Byars Herrero shall not be responsible for any typographical errors, misinformation, misprints and shall be held totally harmless.

All pages and images copyright © 1996-2005 Sidne Byars Herrero
View Article  WTC burning shit
Sal, I think that you were exposed to PCB from the burning of all shits in WTC-- see the linlk:
 
 
plus the hudson river has it from GE's Discharge -- see the link:
 
 
abdalla
\

 

 

ToxFAQs™

for
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
(Bifenilos Policlorados (BPCs))
 

This fact sheet answers the most frequently asked health questions about polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). For more information, you may call the ATSDR Information Center at 1-888-422-8737. This fact sheet is one in a series of summaries about hazardous substances and their health effects. This information is important because this substance may harm you. The effects of exposure to any hazardous substance depend on the dose, the duration, how you are exposed, personal traits and habits, and whether other chemicals are present.


HIGHLIGHTS: Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a mixture of individual chemicals which are no longer produced in the United States, but are still found in the environment. Health effects that have been associated with exposure to PCBs include acne-like skin conditions in adults and neurobehavioral and immunological changes in children. PCBs are known to cause cancer in animals. PCBs have been found in at least 500 of the 1,598 National Priorities List sites identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
 
What are polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)?

Polychlorinated biphenyls are mixtures of up to 209 individual chlorinated compounds (known as congeners). There are no known natural sources of PCBs. PCBs are either oily liquids or solids that are colorless to light yellow. Some PCBs can exist as a vapor in air. PCBs have no known smell or taste. Many commercial PCB mixtures are known in the U.S. by the trade name Aroclor.

PCBs have been used as coolants and lubricants in transformers, capacitors, and other electrical equipment because they don't burn easily and are good insulators. The manufacture of PCBs was stopped in the U.S. in 1977 because of evidence they build up in the environment and can cause harmful health effects. Products made before 1977 that may contain PCBs include old fluorescent lighting fixtures and electrical devices containing PCB capacitors, and old microscope and hydraulic oils.

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What happens to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) when they enter the environment?
  • PCBs entered the air, water, and soil during their manufacture, use, and disposal; from accidental spills and leaks during their transport; and from leaks or fires in products containing PCBs.
  • PCBs can still be released to the environment from hazardous waste sites; illegal or improper disposal of industrial wastes and consumer products; leaks from old electrical transformers containing PCBs; and burning of some wastes in incinerators.
  • PCBs do not readily break down in the environment and thus may remain there for very long periods of time. PCBs can travel long distances in the air and be deposited in areas far away from where they were released. In water, a small amount of PCBs may remain dissolved, but most stick to organic particles and bottom sediments. PCBs also bind strongly to soil.
  • PCBs are taken up by small organisms and fish in water. They are also taken up by other animals that eat these aquatic animals as food. PCBs accumulate in fish and marine mammals, reaching levels that may be many thousands of times higher than in water.
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How might I be exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)?
  • Using old fluorescent lighting fixtures and electrical devices and appliances, such as television sets and refrigerators, that were made 30 or more years ago. These items may leak small amounts of PCBs into the air when they get hot during operation, and could be a source of skin exposure.
  • Eating contaminated food. The main dietary sources of PCBs are fish (especially sportfish caught in contaminated lakes or rivers), meat, and dairy products.
  • Breathing air near hazardous waste sites and drinking contaminated well water.
  • In the workplace during repair and maintenance of PCB transformers; accidents, fires or spills involving transformers, fluorescent lights, and other old electrical devices; and disposal of PCB materials.
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How can polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) affect my health?

The most commonly observed health effects in people exposed to large amounts of PCBs are skin conditions such as acne and rashes. Studies in exposed workers have shown changes in blood and urine that may indicate liver damage. PCB exposures in the general population are not likely to result in skin and liver effects. Most of the studies of health effects of PCBs in the general population examined children of mothers who were exposed to PCBs.

Animals that ate food containing large amounts of PCBs for short periods of time had mild liver damage and some died. Animals that ate smaller amounts of PCBs in food over several weeks or months developed various kinds of health effects, including anemia; acne-like skin conditions; and liver, stomach, and thyroid gland injuries. Other effects of PCBs in animals include changes in the immune system, behavioral alterations, and impaired reproduction. PCBs are not known to cause birth defects.

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How likely are polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) to cause cancer?

Few studies of workers indicate that PCBs were associated with certain kinds of cancer in humans, such as cancer of the liver and biliary tract. Rats that ate food containing high levels of PCBs for two years developed liver cancer. The Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) has concluded that PCBs may reasonably be anticipated to be carcinogens. The EPA and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) have determined that PCBs are probably carcinogenic to humans.

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How do polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) affect children?

Women who were exposed to relatively high levels of PCBs in the workplace or ate large amounts of fish contaminated with PCBs had babies that weighed slightly less than babies from women who did not have these exposures. Babies born to women who ate PCB-contaminated fish also showed abnormal responses in tests of infant behavior. Some of these behaviors, such as problems with motor skills and a decrease in short-term memory, lasted for several years. Other studies suggest that the immune system was affected in children born to and nursed by mothers exposed to increased levels of PCBs. There are no reports of structural birth defects caused by exposure to PCBs or of health effects of PCBs in older children. The most likely way infants will be exposed to PCBs is from breast milk. Transplacental transfers of PCBs were also reported In most cases, the benefits of breast-feeding outweigh any risks from exposure to PCBs in mother's milk.

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How can families reduce the risk of exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)?
  • You and your children may be exposed to PCBs by eating fish or wildlife caught from contaminated locations. Certain states, Native American tribes, and U.S. territories have issued advisories to warn people about PCB-contaminated fish and fish-eating wildlife. You can reduce your family's exposure to PCBs by obeying these advisories.
  • Children should be told not play with old appliances, electrical equipment, or transformers, since they may contain PCBs.
  • Children should be discouraged from playing in the dirt near hazardous waste sites and in areas where there was a transformer fire. Children should also be discouraged from eating dirt and putting dirty hands, toys or other objects in their mouths, and should wash hands frequently.
  • If you are exposed to PCBs in the workplace it is possible to carry them home on your clothes, body, or tools. If this is the case, you should shower and change clothing before leaving work, and your work clothes should be kept separate from other clothes and laundered separately.
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Is there a medical test to show whether I've been exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)?

Tests exist to measure levels of PCBs in your blood, body fat, and breast milk, but these are not routinely conducted. Most people normally have low levels of PCBs in their body because nearly everyone has been environmentally exposed to PCBs. The tests can show if your PCB levels are elevated, which would indicate past exposure to above-normal levels of PCBs, but cannot determine when or how long you were exposed or whether you will develop health effects.

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Has the federal government made recommendations to protect human health?

The EPA has set a limit of 0.0005 milligrams of PCBs per liter of drinking water (0.0005 mg/L). Discharges, spills or accidental releases of 1 pound or more of PCBs into the environment must be reported to the EPA. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires that infant foods, eggs, milk and other dairy products, fish and shellfish, poultry and red meat contain no more than 0.2-3 parts of PCBs per million parts (0.2-3 ppm) of food. Many states have established fish and wildlife consumption advisories for PCBs.

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References

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 2000. Toxicological Profile for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service.

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Where can I get more information?

ATSDR can tell you where to find occupational and environmental health clinics. Their specialists can recognize, evaluate, and treat illnesses resulting from exposure to hazardous substances. You can also contact your community or state health or environmental quality department if you have any more questions or concerns.

For more information, contact:

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Division of Toxicology
1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop F-32
Atlanta, GA 30333
Phone: 1-888-42-ATSDR (1-888-422-8737)
FAX:   (770)-488-4178
Email: ATSDRIC@cdc.gov

View Article  Opening Arguments, Endlessly
By JONATHAN D. GLATER Published: October 7, 2005   more »
View Article  Muslim Rivalry Leaves 8 Dead in an Attack in Pakistan
Published: October 8, 2005

ISLAMABAD, Pakistan, Oct. 7 - At least 8 people were killed and 20 wounded Friday in an attack on a congregation of a minority Muslim sect, the Qadiani, also known as Ahmadis, who are considered heretics by orthodox Muslims.

The attack, in central Pakistan, raised fresh concerns about the protection of minorities in Pakistan, a majority Sunni Muslim state.

Pakistan has had continuing clashes between the Shiite minority and the Deobandi sect, a puritanical branch of Sunni Islam, which have caused hundreds of deaths on both sides over the last decade. But Christians and Qadiani have also been persecuted and attacked by religious militants over the years.

President Pervez Musharraf has repeatedly promised to rid the county of extremism and sectarianism. But attacks of a religious nature remain frequent and deadly.

The attack on Friday took place when about 40 Qadiani gathered for morning prayers in Mong, witnesses said. Mong is a rural village in Punjab Province, 100 miles south of Islamabad, the capital.

Two people, their faces hidden by black hoods, stormed into the building and opened fire, killing two worshipers on the spot, Masood Ahmed Raja, a cardiologist, said by telephone.

"I was saved by the angels," Mr. Raja said. He had been unable to join the prayer session because he was called away to care for a patient.

On returning to the mosque, he said, he saw two men escaping on a motorcycle with a third man.

The police said that six more victims died at a hospital and that two critically wounded people were moved to Lahore, the provincial capital.

Of the estimated 10 million Qadiani worldwide, 3 million to 4 million live in Pakistan, mostly in Punjab. Mirza Ghulam Ahmed founded the sect in 1889, calling himself a prophet. This enraged other Muslims because it challenged a basic precept of Islam: that Muhammad was the final prophet.

A constitutional amendment introduced by the government of Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto in 1974 declared Qadianism to be a non-Muslim minority. In 1984 Pakistan's last military dictator, General Zia ul-Haq, made it a criminal offense for Qadiani to call themselves Muslims, to employ Muslim terms and appellations associated with Muhammad, to use Muslim practices of worship or to propagate their faith.

"We condemn this attack," Interior Minister Aftab Ahmed Khan Sherpao was quoted as saying by Agence France-Presse. "Any act of violence in which innocent people are killed should be condemned."

Human rights advocates have long campaigned for the protection of religious minorities in Pakistan, where religious extremism and intolerance threaten the social fabric.

The leader of the All Pakistan Minorities Alliance condemned the attack and accused the government of failing to protect minorities, The Associated Press reported.

Security forces were on high alert across Pakistan after the attack, and the authorities stationed additional troops outside mosques.

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